Group Theory

[Norman]

Problem:
a) To determine the number of generators needed for the group O(n) we write a rotation matrix as:
R=e^{-i\theta J}
where J is an n x n matrix, Hermitian and imaginary, and therefore anti-symmetric. The number of indepedent parameters \theta (and hence the number of generators) is the number of independent matrices. This number can be found by counting the number of parameters required to make up any n x n antisymmetric matrix. This is n(n-1)/2- WHY?
b)Show for any n:
[J_{ij},J_{kl}]=\plusminus (\delta_{ij}J_{il}-\delta_{ik}J_{jl}-\delta_{jl}J_{ik}+\delta_{il}J_{ik})

where J_{ij} are two index objects with matrix elements:

(J_{ij})_{kl} = -i(\delta_{ik}\delta_{jl} - \delta_{il}\delta_{jk})

and
[J_{ij},J_{kl}]
is the commutator

Ok...
So part a):
I am a little confused. I know that the matrix must be imaginary and hermitian, but I don't think that is enough to prove that only n(n-1)/2 parameters are required to make a n x n antisymmetric matrix. In fact I am not even sure what determines whether the parameters are independent. Is a complex number and its conjugate independent? If not, then I think I understand. But if not I am lost.

part b) No clue.

I have never taken a group theory class and this was thrown into a Quantum Mechanics homework set so I am pretty lost. Any help would really be appreciated.

[HallsofIvy]

No, a complex number, a+ bi, and its conjugate, a- bi, are definitely NOT independent! Especially if we are given that the numbers are all imaginary so it is really bi and -bi. Clearly an imaginary, Hermitian matrix is anti-symmetric. Now, calculate how many "choices" you could make for the values in an anti-symmetric matrix: aij= -aji.

In particular, all the entries on the main diagonal (i= j) must be 0: aii= -aii means aii= 0 so we cannot make any choices for them. There are, of course, exactly n diagonal elements in an n by n matrix, leaving n2-n. If we "choose" any one of those, say aij then its "opposite", aji is fixed. That is, we can "choose" exactly half of the numbers off the main diagonal (choose all those above the main diagonal for example and all those below are automatically fixed as their negatives). We can "choose" (n2-n)/2= n(n-1)/2 values.

b) The "commutator"is , by definition, given by
[J_{ij},J_{kl}]= J_{ij}J_{kl}-J{kl}J{ij}
Since you are told that (J_{ij})_{kl} = -i(\delta_{ik}\delta_{jl} - \delta_{il}\delta_{jk}) , go ahead a put those into that formula and see what you get!

[Norman]

HallsofIvy,

First of all, thankyou so much for responding. I am really not comfortable with Group Theory yet and it is a great relief that my intuition about part a) was correct.
For part b) I am a little confused still. I only know the kl components of the matrix. How do I write J_{ij} and J_{kl} in a form in which I can just plug them into the commutator?
Thanks again for the help.
Norm

[Norman]

Help... still stuck.

[Norman]

Originally posted by Norman
Problem:
a) To determine the number of generators needed for the group O(n) we write a rotation matrix as:
R=e^{-i\theta J}
where J is an n x n matrix, Hermitian and imaginary, and therefore anti-symmetric. The number of indepedent parameters \theta (and hence the number of generators) is the number of independent matrices. This number can be found by counting the number of parameters required to make up any n x n antisymmetric matrix. This is n(n-1)/2- WHY?
b)Show for any n:
[J_{ij},J_{kl}]=i(\delta_{ij}J_{il}-\delta_{ik}J_{jl}-\delta_{jl}J_{ik}+\delta_{il}J_{ik})

where J_{ij} are two index objects with matrix elements:

(J_{ij})_{kl} = -i(\delta_{ik}\delta_{jl} - \delta_{il}\delta_{jk})



Does anyone think that this should actually be:
[J_{ij},J_{kl}]= -i (\delta_{jk}J_{il}-\delta_{ik}J_{jl}-\delta_{jl}J_{ik}+\delta_{il}J_{ik})
???????
Any help would really be appreciated.
Thanks.

[NateTG]

Originally posted by Norman
Does anyone think that this should actually be:
[J_{ij},J_{kl}]= -i (\delta_{jk}J_{il}-\delta_{ik}J_{jl}-\delta_{jl}J_{ik}+\delta_{il}J_{ik})
???????
Any help would really be appreciated.
Thanks.

That's certainly looks better since it's symetric. I'm not quite following the notation though, so I can't give you a stronger answer.

[Norman]

Originally posted by NateTG
That's certainly looks better since it's symetric. I'm not quite following the notation though, so I can't give you a stronger answer.

The way I was told to think about it is that:
(J_{ij})_{kl} = -i(\delta_{ik}\delta_{jl} - \delta_{il}\delta_{jk})
is the kl^{th} component of the matrix J_{ij} so all you do is sum over k and l for matrix multiplication. But I have no clue if that is correct or not and if I am understanding this at all. It is very frustrating.
Thanks for the reply.
Cheers,
Norman

[NateTG]

OK, that makes a little bit more sense.

From group theory we have that
[ab]=b^{-1}a^{-1}ba

You may be able to grind it out from there by figuring out what the inverse of J_{il} looks like.

[Norman]

Originally posted by NateTG

[ab]=b^{-1}a^{-1}ba


is:
[ab]=b^{-1}a^{-1}ba
the commutator or just multiplication?
Thanks,
Norman

[NateTG]

[ab] is shorthand for the commutator of a and b. The RHS of that equation is a general expression for the commutator. If you multiply ab by it, you get ba so it commutes them.