will religion always be with us?

[snoopies622]

Is it built into the human brain or merely a cultural phenomenon?

[mgb_phys]

God knows !

[Mattara]

There is actually some literature on the evolutionary origins of religion by people like Boyer, Altran and Dennett, among others, that could be worth reading. In their view, evolution has primed our brains to be seekers of intentionality, even where none exist. Better to err on the side of caution and mistake non-intentional things for intentional things (and at most spend some extra energy) than do the opposite and risk dying, or so the general (slightly caricatured here) argument goes.

[Astronuc]

Is it built into the human brain or merely a cultural phenomenon? Is one referring to religion or theology? Religion and theology have been around for several millenia. There is no indication they are disappearing.

[snoopies622]

Thanks for the references, Mattara. That is an interesting idea and it's new to me.

Is one referring to religion or theology?
What's the difference?

[Hurkyl]

Is it built into the human brain or merely a cultural phenomenon?
Could be truth too.

I would like to remind you that our guidelines on religious discussion:
Discussions that assert the a priori truth or falsity of religious dogmas and belief systems ... will not be tolerated.

[snoopies622]

Discussions that assert the a priori truth or falsity of religious dogmas and belief systems ... will not be tolerated.

Yes, I was a little worried about that. I now wish I had chosen a more neutral title like, "will religion always be with us?" If anyone knows how to change the title of a thread, please feel free. I just wanted to know what the current thinking was on this matter and I'm not a psychologist, anthropologist, etc.

[Astronuc]

What's the difference?
http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/religion
http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/theology

religion -
1 (a) : the service and worship of God or the supernatural (b) : commitment or devotion to religious faith or observance

2 a personal set or institutionalized system of religious attitudes, beliefs, and practices

3 a cause, principle, or system of beliefs held to with ardor and faith


By 1b, 2 and 3, theology (specifically a belief in a god or gods) is not necessarily part of religion. So an atheist or agnostic can be religious or have religion.


theology - 1. the study of religious faith, practice, and experience; especially : the study of God and of God's relation to the world

2. a theological theory or system, e.g., a belief in a god or gods.


Looking at etymology of religion: Middle English religioun, from Anglo-French religiun, Latin religion-, religio supernatural constraint, sanction, religious practice, perhaps from religare to restrain, tie back - in other words religion can provide a moral constraint (self-restraint) on one's behavior.

[WhoWee]

Is it built into the human brain or merely a cultural phenomenon?

If it's "built-in" to the human brain, "it" might be fear of being alone or wanting something to believe in, or to belong to a group (which could be different than being alone).

I've always thought of religion as that thing which can "fill the cup" - if the cup needs filled. I'm sure someone will quickly point out that knowledge and discovery can also fill the cup - to which I agree, but so can hate, despair, and extreme intolerance.

[Galteeth]

Is it built into the human brain or merely a cultural phenomenon?

Be careful; you may be assuming a false dichotomy here. It is very rare for humans to develop in the absence of other humans.

[DaveC426913]

I think it will always be with us. I think it is human to seek meaning to existence. And I think seeking meaning to existence leads to religion.

Note that there is no comment on whether this is a good or bad thing.

[Galteeth]

http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/religion
http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/theology

religion -
1 (a) : the service and worship of God or the supernatural (b) : commitment or devotion to religious faith or observance

2 a personal set or institutionalized system of religious attitudes, beliefs, and practices

3 a cause, principle, or system of beliefs held to with ardor and faith


By 1b, 2 and 3, theology (specifically a belief in a god or gods) is not necessarily part of religion. So an atheist or agnostic can be religious or have religion.


theology - 1. the study of religious faith, practice, and experience; especially : the study of God and of God's relation to the world

2. a theological theory or system, e.g., a belief in a god or gods.


Looking at etymology of religion: Middle English religioun, from Anglo-French religiun, Latin religion-, religio supernatural constraint, sanction, religious practice, perhaps from religare to restrain, tie back - in other words religion can provide a moral constraint (self-restraint) on one's behavior.

1 and 3 are really different things.

[Phrak]

"will religion always be with us?"

Yes. And constantly reinvented, in daily evolution, using every media of communication.

Is it built into the human brain or merely a cultural phenomenon?

Is this a multiply choice question where I only get to choose the best answer rather than right one?

[Mattara]

Here is something that could be interesting, although a few months old.

http://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/27/us/27atheist.html

Polls show that the ranks of atheists are growing. The American Religious Identification Survey, a major study released last month, found that those who claimed “no religion” were the only demographic group that grew in all 50 states in the last 18 years.

Nationally, the “nones” in the population nearly doubled, to 15 percent in 2008 from 8 percent in 1990. In South Carolina, they more than tripled, to 10 percent from 3 percent. Not all the “nones” are necessarily committed atheists or agnostics, but they make up a pool of potential supporters.

Their terminology is a bit sloppy here, so assume that they mean non-religious non-theists, when they say "atheists". Perhaps this is merely a temporary wobble.

[sdoug041]

I think people will slowly start changing their beliefs as they realize beliefs can't be chosen. I don't think beliefs are a choice. Beliefs should be based on our worldview, facts, evidence, and reasoning.
I can give a quick demonstration on why it's silly to blindly choose beliefs: I want you to believe in Allah for 5 seconds, then I want you to believe that you're a billionaire, then tell us what it was like.
It would be ridiculous to "believe" your a billionaire when there is no evidence to support it. Where's the cars? Where's the all the bling? Where is the mansion?
I could say, "there is a kettle orbitting the sun right now that can;t be detected or seen in any way." You probably wouldn't believe it until there was some evidence to support that claim.

Anyway, I think institutionalized religion will die out over the next 100 years as science sheds more and more light on where we came from.

[WhoWee]

I think people will slowly start changing their beliefs as they realize beliefs can't be chosen. I don't think beliefs are a choice. Beliefs should be based on our worldview, facts, evidence, and reasoning.
I can give a quick demonstration on why it's silly to blindly choose beliefs: I want you to believe in Allah for 5 seconds, then I want you to believe that you're a billionaire, then tell us what it was like.
It would be ridiculous to "believe" your a billionaire when there is no evidence to support it. Where's the cars? Where's the all the bling? Where is the mansion?
I could say, "there is a kettle orbitting the sun right now that can;t be detected or seen in any way." You probably wouldn't believe it until there was some evidence to support that claim.

Anyway, I think institutionalized religion will die out over the next 100 years as science sheds more and more light on where we came from.

I thought the case for Evolution was already pretty strong - yet the debate continues.

I think religion is puhed aside during periods of prosperity and embraced during tough economic or uncertain times.

If most of the world's problems can be solved in the next 100 years, the religious movements may lose support.

However, if there are difficult times ahead, like-minded people tend to herd together.

[DaveC426913]

I think people will slowly start changing their beliefs as they realize beliefs can't be chosen. I don't think beliefs are a choice.
There are too many foregone conclusions in your statements for them to have validity.

What are you talking about 'beliefs can't be chosen'? You assume people are having their religions thrust upon them?


Beliefs should be based on our worldview, facts, evidence, and reasoning.

What is our 'worldview' but the things we've learned from our parents and peers?

What is a belief but something we hold whether or not we have evidence?



It would be ridiculous to "believe" your a billionaire when there is no evidence to support it. Where's the cars? Where's the all the bling? Where is the mansion?
This is a spurious analogy. Religion does not occur in a vacuum; it is a community phenomenon.

It would not be so ridiculous to believe someone is a billionaire if your parents and peers raised you to believe they are a billionaire.

I could say, "there is a kettle orbitting the sun right now that can;t be detected or seen in any way." You probably wouldn't believe it until there was some evidence to support that claim.
I might give it some serious consideration if a third of the population of the planet were telling me so.

Anyway, I think institutionalized religion will die out over the next 100 years as science sheds more and more light on where we came from.Lack of evidence of our origins is not in short supply; we have plenty enough. Beliefs are beliefs.

[arildno]

Well, I think belief in some form of personal immortality is more entrenched psychically than belief in some godly beings.

For example, there have been belief systems wit concepts of P.I but no God to speak of, but I am unaware of belief systems of God that does not include some belied in (potential) PI as well.

[DaveC426913]

... I am unaware of belief systems of God that does not include some belied in (potential) PI as well.
Judaism?

[snoopies622]

"Is it built into the human brain or merely a cultural phenomenon?"

Be careful; you may be assuming a false dichotomy here. It is very rare for humans to develop in the absence of other humans.

Good point.

Maybe this is a question that cannot be approached in an experimental way. How does one apply the scientific method to a nature-vs-nuture question when it comes to people? I doubt it's possible (or ethical) to create a society that's completely cut off from all other human contact and see if - after a few generations - they make a religion or two. (And in any case the results wouldn't be conclusive since the initial members would already be prejudiced one way or the other and would not be able to avoid passing this on, and who knows how long it takes for religion to come about in the first place? Maybe it needs a thousand years of incubation to appear in a form we would recognize. etc.)

[arildno]

Judaism?

Oh dear! Forgot that one!

Doesn't mean much for the overall distribution of attitudes, though.

[DaveC426913]

How does one apply the scientific method to a nature-vs-nuture question when it comes to people? I doubt it's possible (or ethical) to create a society that's completely cut off from all other human contact and see if - after a few generations - they make a religion or two. That's why we study isolated races and tribes - to see what things appear to have evolved in parallel.

[arildno]

As for evidence-based beliefs and beliefs held without evidence, according to a new study, they seem to have the same neural underpinnings:
http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0007272

[Galteeth]

That's why we study isolated races and tribes - to see what things appear to have evolved in parallel.

But you can't really study a human isolated completely from society.

[Astronuc]

But you can't really study a human isolated completely from society. Except for those rare cases of individuals (children) being raised by wild animals. The children lack human languange and engage in behavior atypical of humans.

[Galteeth]

Except for those rare cases of individuals (children) being raised by wild animals. The children lack human languange and engage in behavior atypical of humans.

Well, if those children develop religous beliefs in the jungle, that would be your answer. Although they couldn't really articulate them. And I suppose it could be theorized that the wolves influenced them in some way.


My point is, it's sort of absurd to ask "nature or nurture?" I don't see that it is especially meaningful to draw a distinction.

[DaveC426913]

My point is, it's sort of absurd to ask "nature or nurture?" I don't see that it is especially meaningful to draw a distinction.

Socialized-versus-entirely-isloted is not the only place nature-versus-nurture can be studied. People develop all sorts of personal traits in spite of the way they were raised. Orphaned people develop traits that align with their biological roots rather than their custodial upbringing. Both are places where nature might override nurture.

[Mattara]

What are you talking about 'beliefs can't be chosen'? You assume people are having their religions thrust upon them?

How do you think that religious beliefs are spread from parents to children? Why do you suppose that a lot of people have the same religion as their parents?

[snoopies622]

My point is, it's sort of absurd to ask "nature or nurture?" I don't see that it is especially meaningful to draw a distinction.

To me that seems like the central question. If it's only nuture it could be - in principle at least - ended in a generation. If it's nature, we'll be stuck with it for a much longer time. How to go about finding the answer is the problem.

Oh, and thanks for the link arildno. I'm still reading the paper.

[alxm]

You have to be wary of basing conclusions on religion-society from experiences of the USA alone, because the US is something of a statistical outpoint when it comes to religion. The USA has a relatively large number of believers compared to most developed western nations, and those believers are also more zealous and frankly, more fundamentalist.

The USA doesn't compare to most Western nations when it comes to belief in evolution, it's about the same as Turkey. Unlike the rest, the USA is alone in having an increasing number who disbelieve evolution.

I think religion might always be with us, just as poverty will. By which I mean you can still have a lot less of it, and in less extreme forms.

Anyway, obviously when 45% of Americans go to church on a regular basis and only 4% of Swedes do, it's obviously primarily a cultural thing.

[GeekGuru]

I say yes. People, as a whole, will always look for a way to 'explain' unnatural events - such as the Greeks and Romans used to their gods and goddesses, along with the mythology, to explain why many things happen the way they do. Even if there is no God, people will always try to create one, because they feel it is better to believe in something rather than nothing.

[snoopies622]

People, as a whole, will always look for a way to 'explain' unnatural events...

What's an unnatural event?

[DaveC426913]

What's an unnatural event?

Anything unexplainable.

Have you been skipping the meetings? :tongue2:

[Galteeth]

A recent book on the subject:

http://scienceblogs.com/gnxp/2009/11/the_faith_instinct_how_religio.php

[Phrak]

A recent book on the subject:

http://scienceblogs.com/gnxp/2009/11/the_faith_instinct_how_religio.php

An easily accessible source in the study of the emergence of religion is contemporary Gaiaism--or Environmentalism, or nature worship, or whatever you wish to call it. Just hang around and watch it happen. At this stage it consists of a set of widening ethical beliefs.

[SystemTheory]

Is it built into the human brain or merely a cultural phenomenon?

Yes.

A good book on the psychology of religion was written a century ago, The Varieties of Religious Experience by William James. He has particular empathy for those afflicted with spiritual pain (sick souls, he calls us), and it was only later that I heard his father suffered such bouts. This book helped me alot during a period of such affliction.

Another scientific effort at understanding how human beings learn to self-other communicate, which is what we do, by the way, is The Myth of Mental Illness by Thomas Szasz. The earliest forms of language are body language and the use of iconic signs. These modes of communication are contrasted with indexical signs (causality) and symbols (assigned meaning).

Personally I have yet to meet a child who popped out of the womb capable of causal reasoning, and since reasoning as a toddler is by nature iconic and attached strongly to the need for an external parent, these iconic modes of reasoning are (1) natural; (2) inherently good although can become a source of pain; and (3) iconic modes of reasoning will always be with us, expressed in art, religion, mythology, science fiction, scientific speculations, etc.

For example, without a day and a night, does the phrase "the Earth formed X billion years ago" have any psychological meaning? None. It may as well have been yesterday or the day before.

Also when the scientist says the singularity is a uniform homogeneous mixture of proto-matter, such that light does not shine due to dis-equilibrium, I can't imagine any difference between that and what the Bible says, "the Earth was a formless wasteland and darkess covered the abyss." There is a limit to what one can imagine in science or religion.

[snoopies622]

...when the scientist says the singularity is a uniform homogeneous mixture of proto-matter, such that light does not shine due to dis-equilibrium, I can't imagine any difference between that and what the Bible says, "the Earth was a formless wasteland and darkess covered the abyss."

Well, there is the matter of the origins of such beliefs. The laws of physics and the stories in the Bible have different origins. One might say they are supported by different epistemologies.

[SystemTheory]

The laws of physics and the stories in the Bible have different origins.

The origin or source of each epistimology is the same. Stuff happens and we make up a story or a meaning. The fact is that, in empirical science, stuff happens repeatedly so we have confidence in the story based on repeatability. When we speculate backwards from what is empirically known, we enter the realm of general mythology ...

Time is the inverse of frequency, or something repetitive. In a singularity there is no frequency, hence, no time, hence, eternity (now).

God placed the eternal in their hearts, without men ever discovering, from beginning to end, what God had done. The Bible.

An instant realization sees endless time. Endless time is as one-moment. When you enter the eternal moment you realize who is seeing it. Zen koan (mind problem).

Scientists have their own mythology. At the boundaries of empirical knowledge it becomes quasi-causal.

Einstein wondered what it means when two events occur at the same time? Can one cause the other? How many events are occuring right now, and what can one really know about their causes? It must be that we study, not reality, but how our own body relates to and interprets experience as "reality."

[snoopies622]

I'm not completely following you, SystemTheory. How do you distinguish between science and religion?

[SystemTheory]

Science is a myth (made up story) of the rational mind perpetuated by the ritual of repeatable experiments.

Religion is a myth (made up story) that takes on unique personal meaning in the context of life's repeated rituals.

I am about to order Freud's book on religion The Future of an Illusion. However my goal is to consider also how humans create a myth about the modern world, or put faith in money, which are also illusions (dreams about the future which may or may not be true).

[croghan27]

Is not religion one of the propositions that Karl Popper classes as 'non-falsifiable' as in can never be proven wrong. If all else fails there is always the "because God wants it that way" explaination (of anything) which is unassailable by logic or evidence.

As such it can and does reach into realms that science (or logic - and frequently common sense, for that matter) cannot go. A strong belief in a system like that has a powerful attraction.

The comment (which I cannot local just now :redface:) that religion comes to the fore in times of stress is particularity salient here. When politics (as with dictators), economics (as in depressions) or even science (developing things like hydrogen bombs) present an individual or group with dicey or unacceptable situations, there is always religion as a fall back - it cannot be shown wrong and explains what is happening.

Some kind of religion will always be about to smooth over, make acceptable, the rough parts of life. This works all on its' own - an existential God minding his/her universe is not necessary to this belief.

[Galteeth]

Yes.


Also when the scientist says the singularity is a uniform homogeneous mixture of proto-matter, such that light does not shine due to dis-equilibrium, I can't imagine any difference between that and what the Bible says, "the Earth was a formless wasteland and darkess covered the abyss." There is a limit to what one can imagine in science or religion.

I don't think science has much to say on the subject of singularities as actual phenomenon. Singularities represent a breakdown of the laws of physics.

This superficial similarity you are noticing is a result of the causuality paradox (either infinite regression of cause and effect or a first, uncaused cause) that neither religion nor science has really been able to deal with. Since causuality is a fundamental element of all human thinking, this is not surprising.

[RonL]

I don't know to transfer a picture on the Bing home page, but the picture of the day gives a very good example of a myth, "A mountain that is said to be the trunk of a tree that grew all the fruits of the world, it was cut down by an ancestor and caused a great flood". It makes contact with three countries in S.America. (Mount Roraima)

Can anyone transfer the image ?

http://www.bing.com/

[DaveC426913]

Can anyone transfer the image ?No. It's carefully obscured. Just link to the page.
Or just post any image from Google.

But what is the relevance?

[RonL]

No. It's carefully obscured. Just link to the page.
Or just post any image from Google.

But what is the relevance?

Guess the link will last for the rest of the day.

The thread has made mention of myths a number of times and when I saw this, it reminds me of some of the illustrations of my religous past. One deal breaker for me is the story (myth) of Samson slaying 10,000 Philistines in a single day with the jawbone of a donkey (printable correct word) I was well into adulthood when I ran the numbers on that.:confused:

What was that last guy thinking as he climbed that mass of dead bodies.:confused:

There may be no relevance, I'm just astonished at the things that much of humanity believe without question.

http://www.bing.com/

[TheStatutoryApe]

Arkon Daraul's Secret Societies, A History gives a good brief summary of the history of secret cult like societies and the methods they used to attract and retain members. One of the most interesting were the Castrators who essentially alienated their members from the rest of society by their very core practice.

Its interesting that at one time the Mithraist secret society was a contender against Christianity for the religion of the realm in Europe. Apparently the date for Christmas was even stolen from the Mithraist Festival of the Sun holiday. Recruitment for esoteric vs exoteric religions both had their advantages though in current times since the leaders do not necessarily have much control over the official religion of their nation esoteric religions suffer. The benefit of Christianity was that it offered 'salvation' or assurances of peace and prosperity to anyone who asked for it. It was a peasant's religion and so it spread much more widely and rapidly than the more choosy esoterics. Esoterica was later built into Christianity to attract more austere members and create a two tiered religion with a church that gained wide political influence.

Humans seem to like mystery and religion offers both mystery and answers. Those seeking an understanding of the world around them find comfort in the idea that some things are simply unknowable and that if they subscribe to a particular society of thought that they may find some minimal answers that others do not have. Some are attracted to the idea of greater answers and power (from whence we get our esoteric religions) and still others are most content to follow and fit in.

I think that the pains and fears that religion assuages are natural to the human condition and religion is simply the easiest and most accessible means of dealing with these issues. Perhaps religion for this purpose will be outmoded some day but for now it is a very healthy meme that may not ever go away completely.

[SystemTheory]

The benefit of Christianity was that it offered 'salvation' or assurances of peace and prosperity to anyone who asked for it. It was a peasant's religion and so it spread much more widely and rapidly than the more choosy esoterics. Esoterica was later built into Christianity to attract more austere members and create a two tiered religion with a church that gained wide political influence.

Black Elk prays to the Great Spirit like this (English translation): "Look upon these children with children in their arms and smiling, and help us walk the good road to the day of quiet. This is my prayer. Hear me!"

Jesus appeals to the infantile needs of humanity to seek a parent in the world and a parent in oneself. In my study of various religions and human psychobiology, I have found none that speak to my infantile desire to internalize the abilities of a parent more than in the words of Jesus. When the infantile effort to internalize the abilitities of the parents is properly understood we will have a much better understanding of the function of religion. Even the psychologists are not immune from their own infantile logic, so they create their own belief systems (the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual is a non-empirical judgment system based on prevailing beliefs about behavior, not empirical methods).

[Ulagatin]

My thought is that any religion mirroring the human condition will be eternal and undying. An earlier poster stated that as we discover more scientific facts about our universe, the claws of faith would slacken. I agree and disagree to a large extent regarding this proposition, as while the poster has suggested what I believe to be truth in one sense, it is far from the entire story. What must be considered is that, while science certainly enlightens humankind and disentangles some of the mysticism previously tied to various unexplained phenomena, it also produces certain philosophical considerations for humankind.

In essence, the rise of science in the modern era has given birth to existential nihilism, such that we must find and create our own meaning, in many senses of the word. While most existentialists are and have historically been atheists, the father of existentialism himself (Danish philosopher Soren Kierkegaard) was in fact a deeply religious man.

We understand, as central to consciousness, the role of truth, the role of structure and beauty, and so, undoubtedly, religion must play centrally in this poetry of existentialism, in the conquest of suffering, and the triumph of human passion in pursuit of virtue, grand purpose and meaning.

In other words, a pursuit of purpose and meaning is inherent to the human consciousness in many senses - for example, we perceive physical reality and then we condition it with our own mental structures (our biases and predispositions in thought) in order to make sense of the sensory information made available to us. There are often many aesthetic considerations in our thought processes - for example, consider mathematics. The famous mathematician Euler discovered a theorem which led to his beautiful identity e^{i\pi} + 1 = 0. Euler's identity is considered remarkably beautiful in the world of mathematics as it links many of the fundamental constants and operations in mathematics in one simple equation, no more than perhaps two inches long.

Now consider a great painting by Picasso - what makes it beautiful and awe-inspiring in the beholder's eye? Is it sheer talent, or is there some more fundamental element in the relationship between the observer and the artwork itself?

Clearly, our methods of thought, our predispositions and our cultural biases all have an impact on our aesthetic appreciation of abstract notions and ideas. They also have an impact upon our method of rationalising the perceived world insomuch as the structure we apply in our minds to understand and perhaps truly transcend the sensory data we have been presented with at any one point in time.

This philosophy can be generalised for religion. Religion is, in essence, a set of supernatural beliefs and practices exemplifying an inherent moral code, often presented in holy scripture as doctrinal truth. Religion is in some sense the death of nihilism as it presents meaning and purpose to the follower, often in a revelational manner, while science detracts from human purpose and meaning in this very particular sense. Therefore, science and religion roughly act in counter-balance, akin to a conservation law. I personally believe that they can truly be integrated, and that they are not necessarily in disaccord in all manners.

With regard to my opening paragraph, it is not science alone that has led to a weakening in the claws of faith, but rather to the advance of postmodernism, and as a result of that movement, secular humanism. More historically, modernity led to the dichotomy between church and state, a fundamental turning point in the Western world that subsequently led to a decline in religious belief (and greater faith in the Age of Reason - a period of great importance for philosophy and science alike). A religious work ethic is clearly present in the corporate world though, and in many regions in the Western world (and beyond), religion is a powerful force, its grasp in constant flux, but naturally undying due to its lure beyond any measure.

[croghan27]

Ulagatin ...er.....er..... No.

I fear you are (well written) but wrong or at least misguided from beginning to end. Of course religion mirrors(sic) the human condition everything that humans do mirrors 'the human condition, however that is defined, too.

I strongly disagree that science leads to nihilism - what is science but a quest for meaning - and what is theology but one as well, save that theology comes up with answers inside its' own parameters, and so is limited, ..... as for moral codes and religion ..... are you trying to say that Picasso, a disbeliever, lacked morals when he created Gurnicia? More probably the Bishops and Priests that supported Franco lacked morals than he.

Science asks questions - religion gives answers (what may or may not be correct). If you want to talk about humanity - the human mind will always ask questions (and that is as general as I will get!), and so will never be satisfied (the game is more important than the winning). Religion in answering question is embarking on its' own termination.

Hamlet's pretentious:There are more things in heaven and earth, Horatio, Than are dreamt of in your philosophy. is not an affirmation of God.

[Ulagatin]

Glad to hear your point of view. I must have abstracted far too much regarding my point about Picasso because it was not understood - this was simply to highlight the elements of human consciousness that I discussed in my original post (ie truth, beauty and structure), and not to indict him on any such charge as you are proposing that I have done. You clearly have far more knowledge of Picasso than I (I only used his name as an example of a famous painter - I know precious little more than this about him).

We clearly have different interpretations of the word 'meaning' - science does construct meaning insofar as it allows us to better understand ourselves and our universe, but it also often leads to a decoupling from the egocentrism of religion - ie it casts doubt on the cosmic importance of human beings, and devalues a sense of greater meaning or purpose.

For instance, cosmology is based upon several parameters - if you are aware of Hubble's law of expansion (the FRW model of cosmology), it gives us the energy density of the universe at any point in time, and this density is time-dependant (as the scale factor in the left hand side of the equation changes). The cosmological constant (the vacuum energy) is very important in the equation as it has implication for the rate of the expansion of the universe (we are currently in a vacuum-dominatd phase - expansion approximates {e^{Ht}} in our time, where H is Hubble's constant or Hubble's parameter). If we saw a much greater rate of inflation earlier in the history of the universe, galaxies would not have been able to form as gravity would have been too weak to counteract the repulsive force. If the inflation rate was much smaller early in the history of the universe, the converse would be true, and the universe would end with a big crunch (and depending on the time-scale of this, intelligent life may never have become a reality in our universe).

The evolution of intelligent life is most certainly dependant on certain intrinsic properties of our universe (such as demonstrated above), but intelligent life (manifested as human beings) is not at the centre of everything as many religions would have us believe - the evolution of intelligent life is greatly important to us (obviously) but not in any grand sense to anything else on a larger scale - we are cosmically insignificant. The universe did not "come into existence" (for want of a better phrase) for the purpose of humanity, or for any other intelligent life according to science. Religion (while much older than the science of cosmology in this sense, obviously) attempts to create meaning from this void, and it is in this sense that I define meaning.

Darwinian evolution would have us believe that humans have evolved from apes - clearly contradictory to the message of the world's major religions. Again, it paints an image of a 'void in meaning' of our world. Seeking answers from religion allows oneself to overcome this void, hence the strength of religion in maintaining faith in people. The key word is faith, as it is by definition not based upon reason but rather on hope.

Now, back to the original point regarding the creation of meaning from science. While science can give us a great deal of information, and will continue to do so, there are fundamental questions beyond its scope - questions in the realm of metaphysics and theology. Such a question is "What caused the big bang?" as this implies cause-and-effect which is then a time-dependant relationship. The big bang itself defined time (a flawed sentence, for sure, but our language is difficult to use when we discuss these matters) and so it makes no sense whatsoever scientifically to discuss what happened prior to the big bang. It is fundamentally BEYOND THE DOMAIN OF SCIENCE and so we have an argument as to why science will not be able to kill religion in its entirety.
I strongly disagree that science leads to nihilism - what is science but a quest for meaning - and what is theology but one as well, save that theology comes up with answers inside its own parameters, and so is limited... Science is most definitely a quest for meaning - even a quick glance at modern theoretical physics confirms that view, and theology is in its own sense a quest for meaning, with pre-defined answers as (generally) given in holy scripture. Perhaps what I should have stated in my last post is that science reconfirms in the observer's mind an inherent nihilism, rather than it itself leading to nihilism.

What you have failed to recognise is that both science and theology exist in a hierarchy, with certain bounds inherent to each field. For example, science is codified in the language of mathematics, and bound upon empirical measurement and observation. Theology is based upon a philosophical structure and therefore does give answers (correct or incorrect) within its own parameters. These parameters are just different to those found in science and mathematics, as parameters within theology are (arguably) created by religious scholars, but parameters within science and mathematics are (to a greater or lesser degree) discovered, simply because of the nature of these fields.

Please elaborate on the statement that religion is embarking on its own termination by answering questions.
Science asks questions - religion gives answers (what may or may not be correct). If you want to talk about humanity - the human mind will always ask questions (and that is as general as I will get!), and so will never be satisfied (the game is more important than the winning). I agree entirely with this segment of your post, and have no more to add here. As a side note, I did not fully understand the last line of your post, regarding Hamlet. I'm only 17 and have read almost no Shakespeare.

I myself am not a religious man, which may be of interest to you (it may have appeared from my original post that I have a religious bent, but not so).

Thanks for your reply, croghan, and for your compliment on my writing. :smile:

Davin

[||spoon||]

I thought the case for Evolution was already pretty strong - yet the debate continues..

What debate? There is no debate about the fact of evolution amongst credible scientists and, even more so, amongst credible biologists.

[mugaliens]

...what is science but a quest for meaning - and what is theology but one as well, save that theology comes up with answers inside its' own parameters, and so is limited...

I'd argue that as theology's parameters extend far beyond those of science, it's a lot less limited than science.

Science asks questions - religion gives answers.

Oh, come on! Science gives answers, too. It just tries its best not to do so until it has verifyable, repeatable, peer-reviewed data. And whether one accepts it or not, most religions are fairly well-based in observation. Quite practical. Sure, there's tons of speculation beyond the observable, but don't throw the baby out with the bathwater.

[SystemTheory]

What debate? There is no debate about the fact of evolution amongst credible scientists and, even more so, amongst credible biologists.

Ben Stein makes a compelling case for allowing discussion of intelligent design in a 2008 documentary, I think it is called Intelligence Expelled.

Personally I don't judge credibility by the scientist/biologist but by the compellingness of the theory and the evidence. While it is possible randomness caused life, in this film, one of the most compelling points is just how unlikely life is to start on Earth from unliving matter. I don't think Randomness must be worshipped as a God anymore than reverence for God should preclude the study of randomness. I happen to have a healthy fear/respect for both!

[Evo]

Ben Stein makes a compelling case for allowing discussion of intelligent design in a 2008 documentary, I think it is called Intelligence Expelled.

Personally I don't judge credibility by the scientist/biologist but by the compellingness of the theory and the evidence. While it is possible randomness caused life, in this film, one of the most compelling points is just how unlikely life is to start on Earth from unliving matter. I don't think Randomness must be worshipped as a God anymore than reverence for God should preclude the study of randomness. I happen to have a healthy fear/respect for both!It's a crackpot film.

[mugaliens]

It's a crackpot film.

Science is "a system of acquiring knowledge based on the scientific method, and to the organized body of knowledge gained through such research." (source (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science)). Did you systematically examine Mr. Stein's statements and discount them by means of scientific discovery? Or is your comment a knee-jerk reaction to anything religious?

This isn't a dig. As intelligent, thinking beings, we cannot allow our reactions to be the same as those who dismiss many things scientific as "evil." Rather, we must put forth reasons why we believe the film is baseless.

For example:

Ben Stein makes a compelling case for allowing discussion of intelligent design in a 2008 documentary, I think it is called Intelligence Expelled.

Personally I don't judge credibility by the scientist/biologist but by the compellingness of the theory and the evidence. While it is possible randomness caused life, in this film, one of the most compelling points is just how unlikely life is to start on Earth from unliving matter. I don't think Randomness must be worshipped as a God anymore than reverence for God should preclude the study of randomness. I happen to have a healthy fear/respect for both!

The film was "Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed." One aspect that is noteworthy was it's highlight of academic freedom. However, negative reactions were generally about ten times greater than the positive ones. It was sketchy on details, loaded with fallacies, and failed to properly address either evolution or intelligent design.

With regard to the randomness arguement against evolution, life isn't random, but chaotic, in the mathmatical/scientific sense of the word, and with clear, well-known, and reproducible (on a much simpler scale) self-organizing chemistry. One only need to watch a video of eukaryotic mitosis, a purely chemical process, to witness that self-organizing chemistry is not only possible, but occurs on a constant basis. Even simple molecules can be self-assembling - witness the snowflake! Yet even this simple molecule experiences variation.

The question then becomes one of how a species improves itself over time against entropy. The answer is that it doesn't defy entropy at all, any more than I defy entropy when I go to the gym, or more appropriately, when I select a pretty, intelligent, capable woman as a life-long companion and mother of my children.

Entropy still occurs in a single organism, but not between successive generations.

Genetic variation, particularly as a component of differential reproduction, is the key that allows successive generations to be a bit different than one's parents. Some of those differences (traits) are beneficial for survival and reproduction, and are generally passed on to further offspring.

The concept is simple, but it does take time for one to unlearn falsehoods which keep them from understanding it. Even when people are brilliant in some areas of knowledge and thought, they can be found lacking in other areas. Sadly, Ben Stein's film reveals an area about which he has little real knowledge.

[croghan27]

I'd argue that as theology's parameters extend far beyond those of science, it's a lot less limited than science.



Oh, come on! Science gives answers, too. It just tries its best not to do so until it has verifyable, repeatable, peer-reviewed data. And whether one accepts it or not, most religions are fairly well-based in observation. Quite practical. Sure, there's tons of speculation beyond the observable, but don't throw the baby out with the bathwater.

No doubt theology ranges far beyond science - it is not restrained by such nuisances as reality and things that are quantifiable. (How hot are burning bushes that are not consumed?).

I agree that religions are in some way reality based - but it is more of a 'temper of the times' reality, closer to politics, than one that is concerned with verities. Remember Hitler called nuclear physics 'the Jewish science' and dismissed it. This malleability of religion is useful for chauvinistic purposes - but when it comes to revealing universal truths it is rather a constraint.

Science builds upon its' past discoveries, (Christ touched on this when he commented that he came to fulfil the scriptures not deny them). Science has not tossed out Pythagoras and plane euclidean geometrics, but has gone to places where parallel line DO meet: Newton and Galileo are not made superfluous by the standard model of physics - they are just by-passed, gone beyond.

Marx looked at history and came to the conclusion that that religion(s) was of small import in the various wars and reformations - they were used as some kind of screen, but at heart materialistic factors were the determinants. "I love god and A-merica." has less to do with God than it does with A-merica.

Something called religion will always be with us, yes - but the religion of one society is far different than that of another .... Bob Dylan's "With God on Our Side" plays with this idea. Science, encapsulating more concrete truths, works for both capitalist and communist, the establishment and terrorists.

[marcus]

I'd like to hear more discussion of the original question "will relig. always be with us (humans)?" Which is surely a window on human nature since how you address the question depends on how you think of human nature.

I thought Astronuc quoting merriam-webster.com was a good start. I think the original question is good, not because you could answer it but because trying to answer can help clarify and stimulate ideas.

I brought along the dictionary quote. It allows for the possibility of non-theist religion. That challenges one to imagine a non-theist religion taking over some substantial portion of our species. (Thinking of religions as viral abstractions capable of spreading and being to some extent inherited.) And then a natural question arises as to the stability of a non-theist religion.

Even if we got to a point in history where people's religions did not attribute a mind to Nature (a mind either in or above governing or before creating, some mind as an important factor, playing some major role) would that be stable?

Might it not be that even after several generations or centuries of not attributing a mind to physical and biological evolution, people would suddenly get the inspired idea "the Universe has a Mind!" and revert to theistic practices and start converting each other to theistic faiths all over again. Because it is so appealing to our social animal nature to try to put a face on things and relate to things via a personality that we can sort of empathize with.

That's my two bits at the moment. The basic focus as I see it is defining so you get some clear ideas. Here are the dictionary quotes again:

http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/religion
http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/theology

religion -
1 (a) : the service and worship of God or the supernatural (b) : commitment or devotion to religious faith or observance

2 a personal set or institutionalized system of religious attitudes, beliefs, and practices

3 a cause, principle, or system of beliefs held to with ardor and faith


By 1b, 2 and 3, theology (specifically a belief in a god or gods) is not necessarily part of religion. So an atheist or agnostic can be religious or have religion.


theology - 1. the study of religious faith, practice, and experience; especially : the study of God and of God's relation to the world

2. a theological theory or system, e.g., a belief in a god or gods.


Looking at etymology of religion: Middle English religioun, from Anglo-French religiun, Latin religion-, religio supernatural constraint, sanction, religious practice, perhaps from religare to restrain, tie back - in other words religion can provide a moral constraint (self-restraint) on one's behavior.

[SystemTheory]

The concept is simple, but it does take time for one to unlearn falsehoods which keep them from understanding it. Even when people are brilliant in some areas of knowledge and thought, they can be found lacking in other areas. Sadly, Ben Stein's film reveals an area about which he has little real knowledge.

He has sufficient knowledge and understanding of freedom of expression and the process of scientific debate to make his major point, which is that scientists should debate the theories and the evidence. I am not up on all the research, but it appears there is no compelling evidence that chemical self-organization did indeed generate life without an intelligent spark. However, I am of the Buddhist belief that if we are intelligent, nature must be basically intelligent, and therefore the creation is a reflection of the Creator.

My old Lasers and Optics professor once gifted me with his theory that God is the universe. I liked that idea so much it has become my conviction ... and I regard the universe as equally intelligent and random, much like a reflection of how I observe it to be.

[croghan27]

I sort of agree with a poet (named Pope, no less :surprised)

"Presume not God to scan, the proper study of mankind, is man." Which, even if a tad less than gender neutral, encapsulates (at least) my view.

That MW definition of theology is interesting:
theology - 1. the study of religious faith, practice, and experience; especially : the study of God and of God's relation to the world

Many of those arguing for a God centred universe use the phrase the 'religion of atheism' - and so try to foist upon their opponents all the doctrinaire faults they, themselves, have supported.

It is difficult to discuss religion in a sociological/philosophical sense without straying off into concepts of supreme beings - Gods.

[Galteeth]

Glad to hear your point of view. I must have abstracted far too much regarding my point about Picasso because it was not understood - this was simply to highlight the elements of human consciousness that I discussed in my original post (ie truth, beauty and structure), and not to indict him on any such charge as you are proposing that I have done. You clearly have far more knowledge of Picasso than I (I only used his name as an example of a famous painter - I know precious little more than this about him).

We clearly have different interpretations of the word 'meaning' - science does construct meaning insofar as it allows us to better understand ourselves and our universe, but it also often leads to a decoupling from the egocentrism of religion - ie it casts doubt on the cosmic importance of human beings, and devalues a sense of greater meaning or purpose.

For instance, cosmology is based upon several parameters - if you are aware of Hubble's law of expansion (the FRW model of cosmology), it gives us the energy density of the universe at any point in time, and this density is time-dependant (as the scale factor in the left hand side of the equation changes). The cosmological constant (the vacuum energy) is very important in the equation as it has implication for the rate of the expansion of the universe (we are currently in a vacuum-dominatd phase - expansion approximates {e^{Ht}} in our time, where H is Hubble's constant or Hubble's parameter). If we saw a much greater rate of inflation earlier in the history of the universe, galaxies would not have been able to form as gravity would have been too weak to counteract the repulsive force. If the inflation rate was much smaller early in the history of the universe, the converse would be true, and the universe would end with a big crunch (and depending on the time-scale of this, intelligent life may never have become a reality in our universe).

The evolution of intelligent life is most certainly dependant on certain intrinsic properties of our universe (such as demonstrated above), but intelligent life (manifested as human beings) is not at the centre of everything as many religions would have us believe - the evolution of intelligent life is greatly important to us (obviously) but not in any grand sense to anything else on a larger scale - we are cosmically insignificant. The universe did not "come into existence" (for want of a better phrase) for the purpose of humanity, or for any other intelligent life according to science. Religion (while much older than the science of cosmology in this sense, obviously) attempts to create meaning from this void, and it is in this sense that I define meaning.

Davin

Well, in a sense, the evolution of intelligent life is extremely significant and central to the parameters of the universe. If you take some forms of the anthropic principle at face value, they imply the structure of the universe is totally context dependent. The necessity of intelligence to "bring light" so to speak, or self awareness, adds a "meaning" to the universe with life that is not present in conceivable universes without life, or more specifically, intelligent life.

[Ulagatin]

Hi Galteeth,

Agreed. Just read Stephen Hawking's "The Universe in a Nutshell" which discussed these concepts. I was not aware of the anthropic principle prior to reading this.

Might I suggest, to Croghan, that atheism in fact be considered a religion - it is a set of beliefs (or indeed a principle belief) in the non-existence of God. If our definition of religion is this broad, then religion will be along with humanity until the very end, as it is a priori an integral element of human consciousness. No man or woman can have no beliefs, no convictions, no judgements.

Davin

[DaveC426913]

... religion will be along with humanity until the very end ... No man or woman can have no beliefs, no convictions, no judgements.
Hang on there. Religion does not have the market cornered on convictions and judgements. Beliefs, yes. But convictions and judgements can be perfectly rational.

[Ulagatin]

Hi. I see you have the PF award for best humour.

Religion does not have the market cornered on convictions and judgements. Beliefs, yes. But convictions and judgements can be perfectly rational.

:wink:

I'm sure many religious folk disagree about the implicit statement you have made there!!

Davin

[croghan27]

Hi Galteeth,

Agreed. Just read Stephen Hawking's "The Universe in a Nutshell" which discussed these concepts. I was not aware of the anthropic principle prior to reading this.

Might I suggest, to Croghan, that atheism in fact be considered a religion - it is a set of beliefs (or indeed a principle belief) in the non-existence of God. If our definition of religion is this broad, then religion will be along with humanity until the very end, as it is a priori an integral element of human consciousness. No man or woman can have no beliefs, no convictions, no judgements.

Davin

Oh my - I hope I have not implied that atheists have no beliefs or convictions .... they look at religion somewhat as Francis Church did when he wrote: Yes, Virginia, There is a Santa Claus. http://beebo.org/smackerels/yes-virginia.html. an embodiment, a metaphor a (perhaps) cute tale that satisfies the immature - but not really a basis to design a life.

Would you say that Bertrand Russell had no convictions? made no judgements? (He indeed, had some legal convictions for following his steadfast, atheistic and moral beliefs in non-violence.) He certainly managed to have a very upstanding life without the superstructure of religion, God or manachian notions of ultimate evils or goods.

You have been reading too much of Dawkins or Hitchens (who I do not agree with at all). Try Terry Eagleton: http://www.lrb.co.uk/v28/n20/terry-eagleton/lunging-flailing-mispunching who effectively destroys Mr. Dawkin's argument while presenting a sensible view of God.

Most atheists I know just find religion and God somewhat extraneous to their lives - something that provides explanations for things that need no explanation, reasons for things that are reasonable without priests, ministers, imams or liturgy.

[Evo]

Might I suggest, to Croghan, that atheism in fact be considered a religion - it is a set of beliefs (or indeed a principle belief) in the non-existence of God.I can't disagree with this more. Do you believe in the trout god of the Ainu? No? So you have a set of beliefs in its non-existence? I don't believe in many things that don't exist, and just because someone else does believe, and that they give it some level of importance, doesn't mean my disbelief has to hold an equal amount of importance. It's a non issue for me.

[Galteeth]

I can't disagree with this more. Do you believe in the trout god of the Ainu? No? So you have a set of beliefs in its non-existence? I don't believe in many things that don't exist, and just because someone else does believe, and that they give it some level of importance, doesn't mean my disbelief has to hold an equal amount of importance. It's a non issue for me.

Perhaps what he is referring to is the context of moral truths. Religions hold that morality is absolute and inviolable. An atheist may have absolute moral convictions, but by default, they would believe that a moral truth is not an objective truth in the same way the laws of thermodynamics are. The same would go for such things as the meaning of existence. In that sense, it is a fundamentally different world view, and that could be how one defines "religion".

[Ivan Seeking]

Existence cannot be explained in total. "What came before the big bang?", for example. In fact, it is, I believe, the mainstream school of thought that the sole purpose of science is to produce useful models, not to answer the most exotic questions from philosophy and theology. So atheists cannot claim that denial of religious beliefs is a scientific position. All that we can say is that we have no scientific evidence supporting such beliefs.

So how can one simply deny a wealth of human history describing encounters with "others"? How does one reject out of hand what 90% of the world's population beleives to be true in one form or another? How does one ignore the tens of thousands of testimonials found in churches all over the country each Sunday?

All that is required is a simple leap of faith. Of course atheism is a religion.

[Doc Al]

Of course atheism is a religion.
Is that meant to be an insult to atheists? :rofl: :rolleyes:

[mgb_phys]

Do you believe in the trout god of the Ainu? No? So you have a set of beliefs in its non-existence? I don't believe in many things that don't exist,

Isn't that a quote by somebody.
An atheist is somebody who believes in ONE less God than a religous person.

[SystemTheory]

I can't argue with any reasoning written in this short essay on religion, which appears to be written by Charles Darwin after much thought on the subject:

http://www.update.uu.se/~fbendz/library/cd_relig.htm

the essay convinces me that a thoughtful scientist accounts for the nature of humanity as expressed in wide variety and that Agnosticism is probably more "scientific" than Atheism or Theism. That said, credible scientists have expressed all three sentiments in terms of belief in God, no belief in God, and not sure if there is or is not a God (Intelligent Creator).

I witnessed a Japanese Zen Master in Los Angeles give a wonderful talk called "I and not-I are one." This is good mystical science if one studies the boundaries of the imagination and the modern field of fuzzy logic!

Another religious teacher is quoted, "No one doubts his own existence, though he may doubt the existence of God. If he seeks enlightenment and discovers the truth in himself, that is all that is required."

[Evo]

Of course atheism is a religion.

How can no belief be consider a religion?

Oxford dictionary

www.askoxford.com

religion

• noun 1 the belief in and worship of a superhuman controlling power, especially a personal God or gods. 2 a particular system of faith and worship. 3 a pursuit or interest followed with devotion.

I'll admit there are people out there that make an issue of atheism, they have an agenda they are pursuing to criticize religion which has nothing to do with the atheist's lack of belief. Just like most religious people are normal and some are fanatics, there are fanatics that claim to be atheist. Don't get the anti-religious confused with the atheists.

[Andre]

Maybe it's also interesting to try another word in askoxford

humanism (http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/humanism?view=uk)

• noun 1 a rationalistic system of thought attaching prime importance to human rather than divine or supernatural matters.

[waht]

Existence cannot be explained in total. "What came before the big bang?", for example. In fact, it is, I believe, the mainstream school of thought that the sole purpose of science is to produce useful models, not to answer the most exotic questions from philosophy and theology. So atheists cannot claim that denial of religious beliefs is a scientific position. All that we can say is that we have no scientific evidence supporting such beliefs.



There is no proof that existence cannot be explained, or can for that matter.

"What came before the big bang?"

We don't know. But we understand a key fact about the evolution of the universe after the big bang. That is the formation of complex structures from simpler ones. First hydrogen was synthesized into elements in the periodic table. Then life started from build up of simpler molecules to more complex molecules. And those more complex molecules came together to form even more complex molecules. By compounding this build up of complexity for billions of years, we get multicelled organisms, fish, animals, -----> humans. And this process continues as humans create even more complex systems such as microprocessors, Dubai tower, or the LHC.

On the other hand, the hypothesis of God proposes an entity that is more complex which would be needed to create the universe. But then what created God? And what created the thing that created God? This creates an infinite regress, and hence God didn't really answer anything, but begs for even a more complex question. What we see everywhere is complexity arising from simplicity, and not the other way around. And by inductive reasoning, although that's questionable, God is really a simplest thing that is possible.

So how can one simply deny a wealth of human history describing encounters with "others"? How does one reject out of hand what 90% of the world's population beleives to be true in one form or another? How does one ignore the tens of thousands of testimonials found in churches all over the country each Sunday?

If the majority believes in something that's not a reason to make it true. I forgot the Latin name for this fallacy. The explanation is in terms of human psychology, sociology, evolution, economy, and game theory. Those behavioral patterns which synced people up were more beneficial to survival than those that don't. Milgram's experiments showed how the majority of people are obedient, and will in fact do things against their will even if they have an option to opt out. He showed how ordinary people erratically change behavior under authority, and explained how easily ordinary people can be turned into Nazis. This behavioral pattern is a innate part of our nature, and will continue to be so for a long time. As as result religion will continue to exist, as authority figures perpetuate it among many other things. And Milgram is only the tip of the iceberg.

[marcus]

http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/religion
http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/theology

religion -
1 (a) : the service and worship of God or the supernatural (b) : commitment or devotion to religious faith or observance

2 a personal set or institutionalized system of religious attitudes, beliefs, and practices

3 a cause, principle, or system of beliefs held to with ardor and faith


By 1b, 2 and 3, theology (specifically a belief in a god or gods) is not necessarily part of religion. So an atheist or agnostic can be religious or have religion.


theology - 1. the study of religious faith, practice, and experience; especially : the study of God and of God's relation to the world

2. a theological theory or system, e.g., a belief in a god or gods.


Looking at etymology of religion: Middle English religioun, from Anglo-French religiun, Latin religion-, religio supernatural constraint, sanction, religious practice, perhaps from religare to restrain, tie back - in other words religion can provide a moral constraint (self-restraint) on one's behavior.

We need to think what a religion is, since if we use Webster dictionary English, a religion does not require belief in god(s).

But Evo says a religion must have belief in god(s). There is some contradiction here.
I have often heard Buddhism described as religion without god. At least some form of Buddhism. This would agree with Webster.

Let's say I want to have a personal feeling about the universe. I want to relate to it, as I do to the Sea (I love the ocean but I do not attribute a mind to it. I want to be fond of the universe and wonder at it and all. But I do not wish to hear anyone attribute a MIND to the universe. That seems dumb.

The universe is governed by laws of evolution----not biological evolution, physical systems have equations that describe the evolution of a physical system. A lot of this is very basic Freshman physics. Evolution is a very general idea.

You can like evolution and cherish it and respect it and be amazed at what it has been able to produce without attributing a mind to it.

If I want to have a religion, and to satisfy Evo (the esteemed gentlelady's) requirements then I have to say
"Evolution is a mindless God". If I am to have a religion then according to Evo I must have a god. OK for me the important thing is that it not have a mind. No mind at the start, creating. No mind outside watching/interfering. No intrinsic immanent, in-dwelling mind.

I guess I don't like this. Rather have a religion without having to bother constructing a mindless God.

[Evo]

We need to think what a religion is, since if we use Webster dictionary English, a religion does not require belief in god(s).

But Evo says a religion must have belief in god(s). There is some contradiction here.
I have often heard Buddhism described as religion without god. At least some form of Buddhism. This would agree with Webster.

Let's say I want to have a personal feeling about the universe. I want to relate to it, as I do to the Sea (I love the ocean but I do not attribute a mind to it. I want to be fond of the universe and wonder at it and all. But I do not wish to hear anyone attribute a MIND to the universe. That seems dumb.

The universe is governed by laws of evolution----not biological evolution, physical systems have equations that describe the evolution of a physical system. A lot of this is very basic Freshman physics. Evolution is a very general idea.

You can like evolution and cherish it and respect it and be amazed at what it has been able to produce without attributing a mind to it.

If I want to have a religion, and to satisfy Evo (the esteemed gentlelady's) requirements then I have to say
"Evolution is a mindless God". If I am to have a religion then according to Evo I must have a god. OK for me the important thing is that it not have a mind. No mind at the start, creating. No mind outside watching/interfering. No intrinsic immanent, in-dwelling mind.

I guess I don't like this. Rather have a religion without having to bother constructing a mindless God.I merely quoted Oxford's dictionary definition. ?

[lisab]

Existence cannot be explained in total. "What came before the big bang?", for example. In fact, it is, I believe, the mainstream school of thought that the sole purpose of science is to produce useful models, not to answer the most exotic questions from philosophy and theology. So atheists cannot claim that denial of religious beliefs is a scientific position. All that we can say is that we have no scientific evidence supporting such beliefs.

Just because something cannot be explained, doesn't mean its cause is supernatural.

So how can one simply deny a wealth of human history describing encounters with "others"? How does one reject out of hand what 90% of the world's population beleives to be true in one form or another? How does one ignore the tens of thousands of testimonials found in churches all over the country each Sunday?

90%, 99%, 99.999%...doesn't matter how many people believe something, that's not a good reason for me to believe it. As far as encounters with "others", most cultures indoctrinate their members from an early age that "others" exist, so I'm not at all surprised that people encounter them.

All that is required is a simple leap of faith. Of course atheism is a religion.

I think it's hard for people with strong faith to imagine life with no faith, so they can only interpret atheism as religion. It isn't, though.

[Evo]

We need to think what a religion is, since if we use Webster dictionary English, a religion does not require belief in god(s).

But Evo says a religion must have belief in god(s). There is some contradiction here.
I have often heard Buddhism described as religion without god. At least some form of Buddhism. This would agree with Webster.

Let's say I want to have a personal feeling about the universe. I want to relate to it, as I do to the Sea (I love the ocean but I do not attribute a mind to it. I want to be fond of the universe and wonder at it and all. But I do not wish to hear anyone attribute a MIND to the universe. That seems dumb.

The universe is governed by laws of evolution----not biological evolution, physical systems have equations that describe the evolution of a physical system. A lot of this is very basic Freshman physics. Evolution is a very general idea.

You can like evolution and cherish it and respect it and be amazed at what it has been able to produce without attributing a mind to it.

If I want to have a religion, and to satisfy Evo (the esteemed gentlelady's) requirements then I have to say
"Evolution is a mindless God". If I am to have a religion then according to Evo I must have a god. OK for me the important thing is that it not have a mind. No mind at the start, creating. No mind outside watching/interfering. No intrinsic immanent, in-dwelling mind.

I guess I don't like this. Rather have a religion without having to bother constructing a mindless God.I merely quoted Oxford's dictionary. They gave the 3 definitions I posted. And this was in reference to Ivan saying atheism is a religion. I don't see that it falls into any of those definitions.

noun 1 the belief in and worship of a superhuman controlling power, especially a personal God or gods.

2 a particular system of faith and worship.

3 a pursuit or interest followed with devotion.

Where are you getting all of the "according to Evo" ideas?

[marcus]

Where are you getting all of the "according to Evo" ideas?

Unfortunately I had almost no time and didn't read carefully. I saw:
Ivan: Of course atheism is a religion.
Evo: How can no belief be consider a religion?

I got the impression you were saying that an atheist religion is logically impossible. A contradiction in terms. But I now see that your definition of religion (the Oxford one you quote) allows for someone to be religious without imagining a god or gods.

I think one should try to think what a god-free religion would be like (Andre mentioned humanism, I don't mean that.) The idea of a god is repulsive to me personally, but the idea of religion is attractive. A religion can give people a community and a sense of purpose. And a way of relating to the universe. It responds to real needs that people have. I think religions can give people a genuine community and a genuine sense of purpose, and are not always harmful.

Putting a god idea into a religion makes it possible for individual people to grab excessive authority by identifying themselves with the divine word or the divine will. The whole thing can easily become a manipulative power game.

At this point I don't see that I disagree with you when you say "how can no belief be considered a religion?" I agree that merely not having belief, in and of itself, is not anything much, certainly not a religion! There has to be something more.

I have a hard time imagining what a god-free religion could be like. But I suspect that it is not a logical impossibility. It would probably have to be very simple, like the way I feel about the sea, when we go sailing or go to the beach, or the way I feel about the sun, on a bright morning.
What I mean is I appreciate existence and I acknowledge that existence has its own rules and goes accordingly, and that it has no mind or personality (that would be a projection) but I like it anyway, even though I can't talk to it.

But those are just analogies. You don't want to fall into the trap of revering particulars, like this particular star, the sun. Or this particular type of life. Or this particular planet. Existence is more abstract and general than that.
I don't like Earth-worship any more than I like humanism. The earth and the human species are accidental particulars.

It's late and I'm sleepy. I'm not thinking clearly about this.

Anyway the OP began a thread asking "will humans always have religion" and I suppose the answer is yes, as long as our human nature remains roughly the same as now. But it is possible that at some time humans will have a religion which does not have god(s) but is nevertheless a religion doing for people much of what religion does.

And then the question is, would that situation be stable? Or would random cultural fluctuations disturb it and would religion eventually revert back to being goddy.
Do humans inherently need to project a face on existence? And attribute a mind to it.
(The almost irresistible attraction of the Story. Gods make for good stories.)

[croghan27]

A religion can give people a community and a sense of purpose. And a way of relating to the universe. It responds to real needs that people have. I think religions can give people a genuine community and a genuine sense of purpose, and are not always harmful.

Nicely said, Marcos.

It is unfortunate that the next paragraph is also true: Putting a god idea into a religion makes it possible for individual people to grab excessive authority by identifying themselves with the divine word or the divine will. The whole thing can easily become a manipulative power game.

It is worth wondering if the consequences in the second paragraph are worth the the satisfaction mentioned in the first. :confused:

[qsa]

Is it built into the human brain or merely a cultural phenomenon?

Neither, it is about humans thinking were it all came from, observing and thinking. As we are very close to discovering how our universe works fully, it is going to get even worse. Did some culture in another universe that evolved for billion of years managed to simulate reality in computers and thus created us. I don't think the debate will stop.

[marcus]

As we are very close to discovering how our universe works fully,...

:biggrin:

Have heard something I haven't?

Did some culture in another universe that evolved for billion of years managed to simulate reality in computers and thus create us? ...

:rolleyes:

I don't think the debate will stop.

But Qsa, that is not the topic. Debate is not the same things as religion. We are considering the future course of human religions.

Debate, more often disorganized spontaneous discussion, mythologizing, idle speculation, burping, farting, and story telling will no doubt continue as usual. That is not the same thing as religion. It's not the issue.

Let's focus on the history, nature and future of religion. It's a curious widespread custom, which normally involves fantastic lies. It gives us certain emotional and spiritual vitamins that most of us need. What will happen? I think that is what the OP Snoopie asked about. Will it always be with us, and what might it look like a millennium from now?
Is it constrained by the human genetic makeup? Probably not, more likely constrained by our forms of family and social life, by our experience as social animals (which could change.) Of course even our genetic makeup could change. We could collectively get stupider or smarter, for example, we could diverge into more than one species, in the long run. But I don't want to consider that.

Assuming we don't change biologically and keep on living in cities, what are the different directions in which religion might evolve?

[qsa]

:biggrin:

Have heard something I haven't?



:rolleyes:



But Qsa, that is not the topic. Debate is not the same things as religion. We are considering the future course of human religions.

Debate, more often disorganized spontaneous discussion, mythologizing, idle speculation, burping, farting, and story telling will no doubt continue as usual. That is not the same thing as religion. It's not the issue.

Let's focus on the history, nature and future of religion. It's a curious widespread custom, which normally involves fantastic lies. It gives us certain emotional and spiritual vitamins that most of us need. What will happen? I think that is what the OP Snoopie asked about. Will it always be with us, and what might it look like a millennium from now?
Is it constrained by the human genetic makeup? Probably not, more likely constrained by our forms of family and social life, by our experience as social animals (which could change.) Of course even our genetic makeup could change. We could collectively get stupider or smarter, for example, we could diverge into more than one species, in the long run. But I don't want to consider that.

Assuming we don't change biologically and keep on living in cities, what are the different directions in which religion might evolve?Of course, when I said close I did not mean next few years, more like Tegmark’s 50 years prediction, that is very short time in human history scale. I have not read anything from most distinguished scientist that is not optimistic in that sense.
Who would have thought 500 years ago that we would be sending probes to the edge of the solar system, if you have told anybody that at that time you would have been shot(more like burned) on site! You cannot predict technology.

As for religion, you know, humans do not debate for the sake of it, typically it translates into actions, and I guess I was not clear but that is what I meant. Religion does not exist in a vacuum, humans use any tool at their disposal to justify their actions, and the animalistic instinct for survival is alive and well. Animal do not have religion, yet they fight tooth and nail. The communists did not believe in god, but they used that believe to prop up their state (survival again).
My point is that based on our present knowledge that allows some distinguished scientists to speculate that simulation might be possible and hence the status of god becomes also possible. The concept of god has its roots strongly in our ignorance as to how existence came to be, but even if that is solved, then we are again will be haunted by the simulation issue. It is not a psychological issue it is a conceptual issue, in the first place. And the rest follows(as an excuse). Religion just like anything else that exists, you can use it for good or for killing people, electing presidents and million other bad things

Let us say tomorrow a theory is confirmed that no god and no simulation of existence is possible, would humans calm down. I doubt it; they will find something to fight about, and no shortage of excuses,and now no restraint (defintion of religion). If humans are to become true humans, they must get rid of their animalistic instinct, somehow.

[SystemTheory]

Do humans inherently need to project a face on existence? And attribute a mind to it.

In my experience, yes. Clever experiments suggest, if not prove, that infants are born with strong preferences to see human faces. There of course are exceptions to the general rule, such as blind or autistic infants. But sighted newborn children will suckle on an electronic nipple sensor at the frequency which produces the mother's face and voice if given the option of selecting that video segment from other stimulations. The loss of face is traumatic since it is strongly associated with the psychological realities of abandonment and death.

A girlfriend once tried to psycho-analyze me with a little game. She asked me to name my three favorite bodies of water. I said the Universe, the heavens, and the Earth. She said those aren't bodies of water. I said the Universe is the ocean in which we swim.

The wordless, mindless, peacefullness of oneness with creation is very likely to be a memory of being inside the womb (this Hebrew God is said to be nameless). The mother's body is the memory of pleasure in the Divine Presence. This likely causes the hope to be returned to heaven, the feeling of oneness in the Divine Presence. The Universe is such a presence too.

The mother's living body is a host that keeps one alive. The heavens and the Earth, the Living Biosphere, are the host which keeps us all alive. The faces of others, the ability to communicate, first with parents, then with other humans, and even with the perception of nature, is innate to the survival and psychology of humanity. The sterile scientist with a rational idea of a random universe is not wrong, but to me, he or she is like a neutered dog compared to Black Elk's Prayer.

Grandfather! Great Spirit! Behold me! A relative I am, a relative to all that is! Give me the eyes to see and the strength to understand, that I may be like you! With your power only can I face the winds! -- Black Elk

Seeking faces in nature and developing the mind (self-other communication skill) is in our very nature and conveys a great survival advantage. If one wants to adhere to theories of biological evolution than religion must be seen as an expression of a biological adaptation and the question is, what biological purpose does it evolve to serve? I say it emerges due to the need for a parent as an infant, and in adulthood, the need to integrate the parents' ability into oneself. I also sometimes think life might be better living in a Tepee with Black Elk or Crazy Horse rather than with a society of rational avaricious apes assuming their science is somehow superior to the tribes who after all thrived for millenia with their "primitive" ideas.

[marcus]

... We are considering the future course of human religions.
...
Assuming we don't change biologically and keep on living in cities, what are the different directions in which religion might evolve?

... Religion does not exist in a vacuum, humans use any tool at their disposal to justify their actions, ... Religion just like anything else that exists, you can use it for good or for killing people, ...

Let us say tomorrow a theory is confirmed that no god and no simulation of existence is possible, would humans calm down. I doubt it; they will find something to fight about, ...

It seems to me that you are not thinking about how religion might evolve. You are more focusing on deplorable human behavior that can be sometimes justified by religion, like mass killing, wars, oppression, etc.
That seems kind of like avoiding the main question. Instead of thinking about how religion might evolve you are saying "it doesn't matter how it evolves! However religion evolves people will still kill people etc."

Well that is in some sense irrelevant. I wish you would get your mind off of the secondary stuff religion is sometimes used to justify, stop thinking about horror-stories and whatnot.
Focus on what the OP is asking.

I could use someone to talk with about the future evolution of religion. It's potentially interesting. It is a sociological and psychological thing. It has to do with human nature. What does religion do for people that they need and how can these needs be met and how will religions adapt to fill the niches.

For example here is a question. Religions as we know them involve fantastical made-up stuff. Is this necessary? Could a truthful religion ever evolve? Or is mythologizing an essential feature? Will the survival of the fittest competition between religions, that governs their evolution, always favor religions that promise going to Heaven after death? Will religions with an immortal soul doctrine always out-compete religions without such a doctrine?

I think religion satisfies a strong need for community and purpose (going back to when we were huntergathers living in small communities). Look at how people act about athletics, football teams etc. They constantly revert to tribal behavior. We will probably have something, 500 years from now, that gives us a sense of community and purpose. What could it be like?

Tell me what you think. Must it necessarily have a personal immortality myth? A creator-of-the-universe personality?

[noblegas]

I think as long as people continue to not trust their on rational faculties and continue to placed faith in things that don't require applying rationalism, whether it be a deity or a politician, then religion will continue to be around.

[marcus]

I think as long as people continue to not trust their on rational faculties and continue to placed faith in things that don't require applying rationalism, whether it be a deity or a politician, then religion will continue to be around.

But what is it, that will still be around? What is the range of possible variation?

Are you merely offering a tautology? You say "as long as" [people place faith in nonrationally based things like deity] "then religion will continue".

It seems you just defining religion to be [placing faith in nonrational-based things like deity] and then saying, in effect, "as long as religion continues, religion will continue."

If that is all you are saying, it is trivially true but lacks content. What can you say to give it content.

Here's an idea you could try:
Think of a religion by analogy with an animal species. Species evolve to fit niches. What needs do religions meet. What factors contribute to religion's survival and successful expansion? What are some essential functions?

Hosts and parasites co-evolve, and the evolution of each can influence the other. Sometimes the relationship between a society and the religions that infest it can seem beneficial, sometimes harmful. Sometimes a parasite organism can become so dominant and powerful that it controls the behavior of the host. Sometimes a parasite and host are adapted so their mutual effects are neutral or nearly so. Sometimes a parasite can confer a survival advantage.

Try thinking about it using this (or some other biological analogy of your choice) and see if you come up with some conjectures about possible future of religion.
I'm eager to hear someone else's ideas about this---but want some nontrivial content, some substance to the idea. Not merely a definition, and a statement that is true by definition.

[qsa]

For example here is a question. Religions as we know them involve fantastical made-up stuff. Is this necessary? Could a truthful religion ever evolve? Or is mythologizing an essential feature? Will the survival of the fittest competition between religions, that governs their evolution, always favor religions that promise going to Heaven after death? Will religions with an immortal soul doctrine always out-compete religions without such a doctrine?

I think religion satisfies a strong need for community and purpose (going back to when we were huntergathers living in small communities). Look at how people act about athletics, football teams etc. They constantly revert to tribal behavior. We will probably have something, 500 years from now, that gives us a sense of community and purpose. What could it be like?
Tell me what you think. Must it necessarily have a personal immortality myth? A creator-of-the-universe personality?



As long as the status of the creator-no creator is unknown the majority will opt to take insurance on the existence of a creator, to a varying degrees of commitment. Hence the creator has a plan for us, since we have no idea what we are doing here. Also, since god is immortal, so should we. Because our nature and nature itself are doing great injustice to us, god will put things right if not now then later. religion tried to unify all little communities in a big one with the promise of justice for all now and later, but delivered misery a lot of times. How did Christianity, Islam, Judaism, Hindu, Buddhism evolve over thousands of years? Did they evolve, I think not much. Why? Because humans are still immature they do not act on the information they have (Kant’s definition) they know they need justice supported by good ethics but they act to obtain the opposite.

If god did not exist, then we have no real purpose and no justice. What can give us purpose and a sense of justice as an alternative to traditional religion? We create religion by asserting the existence of god no matter how improbable, then we decide what such existence mean and entitle, by accepting what the prophet said. Religion evolves based on circumstances. If human societies manage to provide more justice (embracing ethics religiously so to speak) to everyone and allows true enhancement for people to be useful and fulfilled and thus have some kind of a real purpose( and not taken advantage of all the time) then maybe people will be less compelled to take creator concept very seriously. In the process we become god like and take over his perceived functions and control our destiny. So then his existence becomes a mere curiosity. But we have to get rid of you know what or find ourselves in such a rut that changing course is the only way out.

[marcus]

Good, thank you Qsa. You have responded to the question about future evolution of religion by some causal reasoning. I got something from this post. It got me to think something I hadn't thought of.

I would also like to hear from other people---their idea of causal reasoning about future development.

Qsa, you often used the word justice. I had not thought of this before (maybe I simply have not thought a lot about religion and I miss obvious things. Not being a professional sociologist of religion, naturally.) I hadn't thought that one of the functions of religion is to provide an illusion of justice in an unjust world.

Before, I could only think that it provides a sense of community and purpose.
The chance to feel that "we are us" and "we are winning the great battle" or accomplishing the great task we have been chosen to do etc.

Now with Qsa's help we have three functions, three niches to fill, or needs of the heart to satisfy. Community, purpose and justice. What else can anyone think of?
If we get more than 4 or 5 then maybe someone will want to try to rank the relative importance of the various functions?

[qsa]

[QUOTE=marcus;2528765]

Qsa, you often used the word justice. I had not thought of this before (maybe I simply have not thought a lot about religion and I miss obvious things. Not being a professional sociologist of religion, naturally.) I hadn't thought that one of the functions of religion is to provide an illusion of justice in an unjust world.

QUOTE]

Thanks marcus

I would add that all great religions started with the imperative of justice.

Judaism started when Moses told the Pharaoh
“Let my people go”

As for Christianity
Why Was Jesus Crucified?
According to those prophesies, the Messiah was a great future leader who would appear during a period of extreme desperation and crisis known as the End Times (or Last Days). Assisted by God, he would overthrow all evil oppressors and set up a perfect kingdom on earth, where all the righteous people could live forever in peace and joy.

And in Islam

The Arabian Peninsula was hell on earth. The powerful just took what they wanted. And when Prophet Mohammad challenged them they went to his uncle (where his tribe was one the most powerful in Mecca) complaining “what is with this guy, he has become a friend with all the slaves and the poor ones and he has befriended us, the cream of Mecca”


When his other uncle tortured his slave that embraced Islam, Prophet Mohammad recited this verse” damn the hands of Abu Lahab, his money well not do him any good, he will burn in hell with flames ...”

Of course, in Arabic it rhymes beautifully

With this idea Islam spread like a fire in a hay stack.

[marcus]

But as long as the rule of law is working, in secular society, it seems to reduce the importance of this "justice" function to the evolution of religion.

It's like religion has been filling these needs----but some can be met by secular society and some cannot be met, or not very effectively.

Religion can condition people to bear pain and suffering, degradation, slavery, and terrible disasters. But with modern medicine, including pain-killers, and some other arrangements one hopes the need for that conditioning can be reduced.

I'm not sure. have to think about it some.

What do you care about as an ultimate purpose? For me, I'd like it if humans could find a few habitable planets and send some robot probes to them to plant the seeds of life. I'd love that. Extending the scope of biological evolution to some other places. Making life in some sense more varied and abundant.

Maybe one of the planets would have an icecovered ocean, and we could plant some algae, and fish, and seals, and polar bears (to eat the seals when they came up at holes in the ice). We wouldn't have to go. Just send a robot craft to basically plant the seeds, hatch the DNA, and whatnot. Difficult but not impossible.

I'd like it if we humans could expand the scope of evolution. Maybe there are other ways.

Maybe there are other purposes you can think of.

[WaveJumper]

Re: will religion always be with us?


As long as we cannot explain what reality is, God will be a prime explanation for everything. Then, if we in 500 or 2000 years, somehow manage to explain most or all of it, one will start to wonder why everything is explainable by the "incidental" human mind. For me, hardcore atheism of the sorts that makes bold claims like "Folks, we are telling you, we are accidents", etc. seems like a dead-end, a prematurely shut door to other alleys, a sort of personal war on other ideas, and so i think there will always be different religions around.

[Tor Hershman]

Yes.

Here's a wee vid, moi did, on the origin of the One God concept.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z7iQRFP_e90

[Huckleberry]

But as long as the rule of law is working, in secular society, it seems to reduce the importance of this "justice" function to the evolution of religion.

It's like religion has been filling these needs----but some can be met by secular society and some cannot be met, or not very effectively.

By what standard is justice measured that allows us to know if rule of law is working or not? It works when we think it does what is right and it is broken when it does what we think is wrong. We imbue principles such as justice with an a priori truth, yet from society to society, and individual to individual we measure them differently. We feel that our perception of justice is not an arbitrary judgement. It creates order out of chaos and allows the formation of civilizations.

I don't believe secular society reduces the importance of the justice function to the evolution of religion. Many religions began as a set of principles and practices to bring order to society. The evolution of religion is the search for an ideal order, and secular society is only one more form of this. It is a distinct animal in its adaptation, but it is not seperate from principles and practices based on a priori truth. It also seeks an ideal order based on its belief. It just does it without the belief that an ideal order arbitrarily judges humanity.

This is from the author Terry Pratchett in his book 'Hogfather'. You might enjoy this.
Death: Humans need fantasy to *be* human. To be the place where the falling angel meets the rising ape.
Susan: With tooth fairies? Hogfathers?
Death: Yes. As practice, you have to start out learning to believe the little lies.
Susan: So we can believe the big ones?
Death: Yes. Justice, mercy, duty. That sort of thing.
Susan: They're not the same at all.
Death: You think so? Then take the universe and grind it down to the finest powder, and sieve it through the finest sieve, and then show me one atom of justice, one molecule of mercy. And yet, you try to act as if there is some ideal order in the world. As if there is some, some rightness in the universe, by which it may be judged.
Susan: But people have got to believe that, or what's the point?
Death: You need to believe in things that aren't true. How else can they become?

[Galteeth]

By what standard is justice measured that allows us to know if rule of law is working or not? It works when we think it does what is right and it is broken when it does what we think is wrong. We imbue principles such as justice with an a priori truth, yet from society to society, and individual to individual we measure them differently. We feel that our perception of justice is not an arbitrary judgement. It creates order out of chaos and allows the formation of civilizations.

I don't believe secular society reduces the importance of the justice function to the evolution of religion. Many religions began as a set of principles and practices to bring order to society. The evolution of religion is the search for an ideal order, and secular society is only one more form of this. It is a distinct animal in its adaptation, but it is not seperate from principles and practices based on a priori truth. It also seeks an ideal order based on its belief. It just does it without the belief that an ideal order arbitrarily judges humanity.

This is from the author Terry Pratchett in his book 'Hogfather'. You might enjoy this.

I think the satire there really misses the point. Sure, justice doesn't "exist" in the same metaphysical sense as atoms. It's the person who thinks they need to who is confused.
I can have principles that I believe are absolute moral truths, (and personally I do.) I know they're not "true" in the same way thermodynamics is true, it's a different metaphysical category. One is an undeniable, externally confirmable, objective truth. The other is a moral truth. It is an external mapping of meaning onto neutral objective processes.

I think this an area where religous types get their metaphysics mixed up. They tend to only have one, indivisible, absolute truth, which has no other descriptive features other then being "the truth" (i.e., objective observation does not have to match up per ce!)

[croghan27]

Thanks for the links to Terry Pratchett. I have done some investigation into him and heard some good things ... a shame that now he has some severe health problems.

[brainstorm]

There is actually some literature on the evolutionary origins of religion by people like Boyer, Altran and Dennett, among others, that could be worth reading. In their view, evolution has primed our brains to be seekers of intentionality, even where none exist. Better to err on the side of caution and mistake non-intentional things for intentional things (and at most spend some extra energy) than do the opposite and risk dying, or so the general (slightly caricatured here) argument goes.

This is an interesting post. The assumption seems to be that humans are capable of thinking in terms of non-intentional actions. The question is if you would view actions as unintentional or subconscious, what possibility would their be for exercising creativity, choice, and freedom?

I doubt that religion will ever go away completely, but I do believe that the issues addressed by religion get usurped by other discourses at times, and that these new discourses rely on condemnation of religious language as antiquated in order not to have to compete directly with it.

At this point, my view of biblical theology is that it is a form of psychology mixed with philosophy. The fact that Freud called himself a "godless Jew" and regarded religion as infantile provides some support for the idea that Freud was competing with religion/theology as a means for people to feel better and happier.

From an economic perspective, I think that religion (or at least Christianity) will always be present because of how Christianity regards wealth and power. There is a reason that it is fairly easy to get copies of bible for free whereas the DSM or other psychology books can be quite expensive. Also, (some) Christians spread "the word" for no other reason than they believe that doing so will make the world better and improve their own spiritual well-being.

How many psychologists do you know that help people because they expect it to make the world better or just because it improves their own psychological health? If you do, I would call them "Christian" even if they don't personally subscribe to Christianity. By "Christian," I'm only referring to the missionary spirit and faith in spreading goodness by spreading knowledge.