Dima6666
Oct18-10, 05:15 PM
As I have already stated before Opposite Thermodynamic Arrows of Time is, in my opinion, the better alternative model of thermodynamic BH comparing to perpetual mobile of Hawking radiation. So you can see below the second part of my work which was the start up of that idea.
1. Universe expands, why?
As we already wrote, in 1929 supervisions of Edvin Hubble have shown that spectra of the majority of galaxies show red shift – almost all star systems move away from us, moreover, the further from us a galaxy is, the faster it leaves.
To correspond to positions of Freedman, Universe expansion should remind crawling of color stains on a surface of an inflated balloon. With growth of sphere sizes the distance between any two stains increases also, but thus it is impossible to consider any of stains as the expansion centre.
Usually the Big Bang was considered to be the reason of expansion of Universe. And the fact that more remote galaxies have a greater speed can be explained that those galaxies which have received while Big Bang big speeds have departed further. But why the Universe is almost homogeneous and isotropic, but has small indignations of density, the theory of the Big bang does not explain.
Under the scenario of Big Bang the Universe has begun with singularity filled radiation at constant temperature. Thus, I would not wish to stop on the Big Bang theory also because, in singularity the general theory of a relativity is broken and accordingly this theory does not possess predictive force, on the basis of such theory we can assume that from singularity there can be everything, everything.
If not the big explosion how to explain, process of expansion of the Universe? We will try to return to positions of thermodynamics.
One of cardinal concepts of the statistical mechanics, also application in classical thermodynamics, is the concept of entropy. Entropy is first of all property of areas of phase space; it is expressed by the logarithm from their measure of probability. For systems with a great number of particles and the conditions still remaining within practical discern ability, it means that if to take a condition with entropy below maximum and to observe that will occur, entropy almost always increases. And if to write down second law of thermodynamics in Universe terms second law would sound so - Full entropy of the Universe continuously increases.
Proceeding from definition, entropy can be interpreted as a measure of uniformity of distribution of energy.
Then it is possible to write second law of thermodynamics in a kind – uniformity of distribution of energy continuously increases in the Universe.
And what about weight, you can ask? But the matter is that from the point of view of the theory of a relativity energy and weight are equivalent (we will recollect so known parity E=m*C*C, where weight of rest of a particle, and C – a velocity of light in vacuum). Moreover, you never reflected, that the equations on basis of which processes of an exchange of weight and warmth are calculated are similar so that are usually studied in the same institute course. So, taking into account equivalence of weight of m of energy we will write down first law of thermodynamics in a kind:
Uniformity of distribution of weight (energy) continuously increases in the Universe.
The most obvious example of process of increase in uniformity of distribution of energy (weight) is thermonuclear reaction occurring on the sun, there every second 4 500 000 tons of substance turn to energy which scatters through the Universe with a velocity of light (including, some part of this energy reaches Earths, and allows mankind to exist).
Certainly, the reader can specify that in the nature it is possible to observe a lot of processes which are characterized by entropy reduction, for example formation of stars similar to the sun, ability to live of live organisms and including the person, but it only means that in practice we can be never assured that we deal with the closed system, yet we do not take for our system something smaller, than all Universe.
If to assume that the Universe has size, and entropy of the Universe (which is a measure of the maintenance of its connected useless energy, energy which cannot be transformed into work) continuously increases, finally, the size of the connected energy will reach points in which it is equal to a total energy. In this condition of the maximum entropy there will be no free energy, no processes which involve a transmission of energy can proceed, there cannot pass any work, Universe will be switched off, will stop its existence.
Let's distract from this pessimistic forecast and return to interpretation of the second law of thermodynamics.
The concept of border for such system as the Universe is not defined (Universe volume is supposed to be infinite) the requirement of increase in uniformity of weight is in essence equivalent, to the requirement of Universe expansion. Thus, taking into account equivalence of weight and energy, and the assumption of infinite volume of the Universe, the second law of thermodynamics can be written down this way:
Uniformity of distribution of weight (energy) continuously increases in the Universe, otherwise, any observer sees expansion of a surveyed part of space, in case if the surveyed part of space is great enough to level influence of local increases in density (in the form of stars and galaxies).
Certainly, this theoretical position is not such visual as the theory of the Big Bang, and many researchers can disagree with it, it has one obvious advantage versus the theory of the Big Bang we do not see in it contradictions with the general theory of a relativity and other laws of physics.
The picture of eternally expanding Universe drawn by us, not chaotic and simple would be so is boring, if not Black holes, and in the following part of work we will consider, this, one of the most interesting natural phenomena from the point of view of physical laws known to us.
3. Black Holes (and now let’s deal with some mysticism)
One of consequences of the General theory of a relativity is the fact of that the matter can bend area in itself so that this area will appear isolated from other Universe. It would turn in something that we name a black hole. Objects could fall in this black hole, but nothing can get out from there and to be pulled out, the object should move with superlight speed. Einstein was disturbed very much by a conclusion about this collapse, and he has refused to believe that it happens. But in 1939 Robert Opengamer has shown that old stars, more than twice exceeding in weight the Sun inevitably collapse when they burn out all nuclear fuel.
Today thanks to telescopes which work in x-ray and scale – ranges, we know that black holes are much more ordinary phenomenon, than was thought earlier there are thousand and thousand of black holes. Astronomers also have found out the massive black hole which weight is a million times more than weight of our sun in the centre of our galaxy.
Now, with pleasure, I will quote Nobert Wiener's well-known Cybernetics once again:
«Very interesting astronomical question concerning time direction arises in connection with astrophysical time. After all in astrophysics, at unitary supervision of the remote heavenly bodies, experience on the essence as though is not unidirectional. Why the unidirectional thermodynamics based on experimental terrestrial supervision, appears so useful in astrophysics? The answer to this question is interesting enough and very simple. We observe stars via beams or the particles of light proceeding from observable object and perceived by us. We can perceive coming light, but we cannot perceive leaving light. At least, perceptions of leaving light cannot be achieved by the same simple and direct experiment, as perceptions of coming light. We perceive coming light by means of an eye or a photographic plate. We prepare them for perception of images, isolating them from the past for some period of time: We look preliminary in darkness to eliminate traces of previous images, and we wrap plates in a black paper in order to avoid fogging. Obviously, only such eyes and such plates can be suitable; to keep the last images – all the same, what to be blind and if we needed to wrap plates in a black paper after their application and to show them before application the photography would be very difficult business. Therefore we can see stars which are letting out light for us and for whole Universe, and if there are stars developing in the opposite direction, they will draw radiations from all heavenly bodies. But gravity of light even proceeding from us, cannot be noticed, because we know past, but don’t know future. So, visible for us part of the Universe should have parities between the past and the future, concordant with existing on the Earth as business concerns light radiation. The fact that we see a star means that its thermodynamics is similar to our thermodynamics.
Very interesting mental experience – let’s imagine the reasonable being time for which flows in the opposite direction in relation to our time. For such beings no communication with us would be possible. The signal which it would send us, would reach us in a logic stream of consequences – from its point of view – and the reasons – from our point of view. These reasons already contained in our experience and would serve us as a natural explanation of his signal without the assumption that the reasonable being has sent a signal. If it has drawn to us a square, the square residues would be presented for as kind of harbingers of the square, and the square would seem for us curious crystallization of these residues, always quite explainable. Its value would seem to us so casual, as faces which we see when we are looking on mountains and rocks. Square drawing would seem to us catastrophic destruction of square – sudden, but explainable natural laws. This being would have the same representations about us. We can communicate only with worlds having the same direction of time».
Reminds something, isn't it so?
So, black holes are those heavenly objects which we do not see, thus, we don’t have any possibility to assert that fact that the thermodynamics of black holes is similar to our thermodynamics.
Moreover, according to calculations of General theory of relativity, black holes cannot radiate anything, then according to usual thermodynamic representations black holes as thermodynamic objects which temperature which is not equal to zero and should radiate.
A number of scientists, for example Stephen Hawking, for the conflict resolution even have assumed that radiation of black holes exists. God plays dice, Stephen Hawking declares, in one of the articles specifying that radiation of black holes contradicts the general theory of a relativity of Einstein. Only as we understand, this phenomenon (radiation of black holes) does not have any experimental acknowledgement; moreover, it is not absolutely clear how such acknowledgements can be received.
In connection to this, to tell the truth, it would be desirable not to consider such hypotheses. Especially, there are some more obvious acknowledgements that the thermodynamics of black holes does not correspond to our thermodynamics. One of them, transformation of weight, energy. As it was already specified, thermonuclear (nuclear) reactions connected with transformation of particles having weight of rest in the particles which do not have weights of rest, have a wide circulation in the Universe (the most obvious example - the thermonuclear reaction occurring on the sun). Whereas, the reactions connected with formation of particles having weight of rest from radiation, meet in the Universe much less often, are reversible and are connected with entropy reduction. For example, the most known reaction of formation of particles with weight of rest from radiation - pair formation, occurs in the Universe less often, than return reaction corresponding to it, annihilation of electron and positron and this parity, obviously, will worsen in course of Universe expansion. We don’t know was Feiman serious when he suggested to consider positron, as electron in the opposite direction time.
Thus, everywhere in visible part of the Universe occurs global transformation of particles having weight of rest in particles that don’t have, telling simply transformation of weight to energy.
On the contrary black holes transform radiation to weight – their cumulative weight of rest becomes greater. Such process has no analogues in the visible Universe and quite possible, it occurs contrary to thermodynamic laws known to us. The impossibility of reception of energy (information) from a black hole, does not allow even to use hypothetically a black hole as a perpetual mobile, thus, for us thermodynamics laws remain fair in any case.
The reader can have a question if transfer of information from a black hole to the observer with terrestrial thermodynamics is impossible then why we have the information on existence of a black hole. The answer is very simple, gravitational laws, are symmetric concerning time as Nobert Wiener has remarkably shown (look the first chapter or the book Cybernetics) and even if the thermodynamics of a black hole is distinct from our thermodynamics or even time in a black hole goes in an opposite direction gravitational influence of weight (energy) localized in a black hole can be estimated by the observer from the visible part of the Universe.
If thermodynamic laws in black holes are distinct from what we observe in the visible Universe a picture of expanding Universe becomes not as pessimistic as was specified in the second law of thermodynamics.
And if we will make perfect, fantastic assumption that time in a black hole moves in an opposite direction, then many contradictions seemed insoluble connected with thermodynamics of black hole are solved.
The observer being in a black hole (the dark observer) will then see, only other black holes, and objects of the visible Universe, will be black holes for him (as that light which for us will be absorbed by a black hole, the observer in a black hole will consider it leaving black hole under the name of Solar system). We do not see light leaving from us; the observer in a black hole will similarly consider that the photons coming from the sun are on the contrary radiated by his system. The assumption that time in a black hole moves in an opposite direction than in the visible Universe, surprisingly flexibly solves a problem of that the black hole system inaccessible to us from the point of view of the general theory of relativity should not be closed from the point of view of thermodynamics. Stephen Hawking, at construction of mathematical model of a black hole has shown that it should radiate particles, but it directly contradicts the theory of a relativity of Einstein as for overcoming the gravity of black hole speed of radiation should exceed a velocity of light C. In case if we assume that time direction in black holes is opposite to ours, the general relativity theory is not broken, as laws of the theory of a relativity are dissymmetric concerning time, also as Newton's laws and for the observer being in a black hole the relativity theory will be completely valid. But such observer cannot transfer this information to us that Nobert Wiener has remarkably shown in his great book, thus, the relativity theory will be true and for us. In addition such position is completely co-ordinate with concepts of dark weight (energy), so fashionable now.
The first law of thermodynamics, also is symmetric concerning the time and the first position of Freedman will be fair even for the dark observer and he should see Universe equally, so
If astronomical supervision will suddenly show that black holes settle down in space also uniformly,then assumption that time in black holes moves in the opposite direction, is not a FANTASY.
The determinacy of the Universe is one more consequence of that in other parts of the Universe time moves in opposite direction in relation to us, it only remains to agree with the great physicist - "God does not play dice".
1. Universe expands, why?
As we already wrote, in 1929 supervisions of Edvin Hubble have shown that spectra of the majority of galaxies show red shift – almost all star systems move away from us, moreover, the further from us a galaxy is, the faster it leaves.
To correspond to positions of Freedman, Universe expansion should remind crawling of color stains on a surface of an inflated balloon. With growth of sphere sizes the distance between any two stains increases also, but thus it is impossible to consider any of stains as the expansion centre.
Usually the Big Bang was considered to be the reason of expansion of Universe. And the fact that more remote galaxies have a greater speed can be explained that those galaxies which have received while Big Bang big speeds have departed further. But why the Universe is almost homogeneous and isotropic, but has small indignations of density, the theory of the Big bang does not explain.
Under the scenario of Big Bang the Universe has begun with singularity filled radiation at constant temperature. Thus, I would not wish to stop on the Big Bang theory also because, in singularity the general theory of a relativity is broken and accordingly this theory does not possess predictive force, on the basis of such theory we can assume that from singularity there can be everything, everything.
If not the big explosion how to explain, process of expansion of the Universe? We will try to return to positions of thermodynamics.
One of cardinal concepts of the statistical mechanics, also application in classical thermodynamics, is the concept of entropy. Entropy is first of all property of areas of phase space; it is expressed by the logarithm from their measure of probability. For systems with a great number of particles and the conditions still remaining within practical discern ability, it means that if to take a condition with entropy below maximum and to observe that will occur, entropy almost always increases. And if to write down second law of thermodynamics in Universe terms second law would sound so - Full entropy of the Universe continuously increases.
Proceeding from definition, entropy can be interpreted as a measure of uniformity of distribution of energy.
Then it is possible to write second law of thermodynamics in a kind – uniformity of distribution of energy continuously increases in the Universe.
And what about weight, you can ask? But the matter is that from the point of view of the theory of a relativity energy and weight are equivalent (we will recollect so known parity E=m*C*C, where weight of rest of a particle, and C – a velocity of light in vacuum). Moreover, you never reflected, that the equations on basis of which processes of an exchange of weight and warmth are calculated are similar so that are usually studied in the same institute course. So, taking into account equivalence of weight of m of energy we will write down first law of thermodynamics in a kind:
Uniformity of distribution of weight (energy) continuously increases in the Universe.
The most obvious example of process of increase in uniformity of distribution of energy (weight) is thermonuclear reaction occurring on the sun, there every second 4 500 000 tons of substance turn to energy which scatters through the Universe with a velocity of light (including, some part of this energy reaches Earths, and allows mankind to exist).
Certainly, the reader can specify that in the nature it is possible to observe a lot of processes which are characterized by entropy reduction, for example formation of stars similar to the sun, ability to live of live organisms and including the person, but it only means that in practice we can be never assured that we deal with the closed system, yet we do not take for our system something smaller, than all Universe.
If to assume that the Universe has size, and entropy of the Universe (which is a measure of the maintenance of its connected useless energy, energy which cannot be transformed into work) continuously increases, finally, the size of the connected energy will reach points in which it is equal to a total energy. In this condition of the maximum entropy there will be no free energy, no processes which involve a transmission of energy can proceed, there cannot pass any work, Universe will be switched off, will stop its existence.
Let's distract from this pessimistic forecast and return to interpretation of the second law of thermodynamics.
The concept of border for such system as the Universe is not defined (Universe volume is supposed to be infinite) the requirement of increase in uniformity of weight is in essence equivalent, to the requirement of Universe expansion. Thus, taking into account equivalence of weight and energy, and the assumption of infinite volume of the Universe, the second law of thermodynamics can be written down this way:
Uniformity of distribution of weight (energy) continuously increases in the Universe, otherwise, any observer sees expansion of a surveyed part of space, in case if the surveyed part of space is great enough to level influence of local increases in density (in the form of stars and galaxies).
Certainly, this theoretical position is not such visual as the theory of the Big Bang, and many researchers can disagree with it, it has one obvious advantage versus the theory of the Big Bang we do not see in it contradictions with the general theory of a relativity and other laws of physics.
The picture of eternally expanding Universe drawn by us, not chaotic and simple would be so is boring, if not Black holes, and in the following part of work we will consider, this, one of the most interesting natural phenomena from the point of view of physical laws known to us.
3. Black Holes (and now let’s deal with some mysticism)
One of consequences of the General theory of a relativity is the fact of that the matter can bend area in itself so that this area will appear isolated from other Universe. It would turn in something that we name a black hole. Objects could fall in this black hole, but nothing can get out from there and to be pulled out, the object should move with superlight speed. Einstein was disturbed very much by a conclusion about this collapse, and he has refused to believe that it happens. But in 1939 Robert Opengamer has shown that old stars, more than twice exceeding in weight the Sun inevitably collapse when they burn out all nuclear fuel.
Today thanks to telescopes which work in x-ray and scale – ranges, we know that black holes are much more ordinary phenomenon, than was thought earlier there are thousand and thousand of black holes. Astronomers also have found out the massive black hole which weight is a million times more than weight of our sun in the centre of our galaxy.
Now, with pleasure, I will quote Nobert Wiener's well-known Cybernetics once again:
«Very interesting astronomical question concerning time direction arises in connection with astrophysical time. After all in astrophysics, at unitary supervision of the remote heavenly bodies, experience on the essence as though is not unidirectional. Why the unidirectional thermodynamics based on experimental terrestrial supervision, appears so useful in astrophysics? The answer to this question is interesting enough and very simple. We observe stars via beams or the particles of light proceeding from observable object and perceived by us. We can perceive coming light, but we cannot perceive leaving light. At least, perceptions of leaving light cannot be achieved by the same simple and direct experiment, as perceptions of coming light. We perceive coming light by means of an eye or a photographic plate. We prepare them for perception of images, isolating them from the past for some period of time: We look preliminary in darkness to eliminate traces of previous images, and we wrap plates in a black paper in order to avoid fogging. Obviously, only such eyes and such plates can be suitable; to keep the last images – all the same, what to be blind and if we needed to wrap plates in a black paper after their application and to show them before application the photography would be very difficult business. Therefore we can see stars which are letting out light for us and for whole Universe, and if there are stars developing in the opposite direction, they will draw radiations from all heavenly bodies. But gravity of light even proceeding from us, cannot be noticed, because we know past, but don’t know future. So, visible for us part of the Universe should have parities between the past and the future, concordant with existing on the Earth as business concerns light radiation. The fact that we see a star means that its thermodynamics is similar to our thermodynamics.
Very interesting mental experience – let’s imagine the reasonable being time for which flows in the opposite direction in relation to our time. For such beings no communication with us would be possible. The signal which it would send us, would reach us in a logic stream of consequences – from its point of view – and the reasons – from our point of view. These reasons already contained in our experience and would serve us as a natural explanation of his signal without the assumption that the reasonable being has sent a signal. If it has drawn to us a square, the square residues would be presented for as kind of harbingers of the square, and the square would seem for us curious crystallization of these residues, always quite explainable. Its value would seem to us so casual, as faces which we see when we are looking on mountains and rocks. Square drawing would seem to us catastrophic destruction of square – sudden, but explainable natural laws. This being would have the same representations about us. We can communicate only with worlds having the same direction of time».
Reminds something, isn't it so?
So, black holes are those heavenly objects which we do not see, thus, we don’t have any possibility to assert that fact that the thermodynamics of black holes is similar to our thermodynamics.
Moreover, according to calculations of General theory of relativity, black holes cannot radiate anything, then according to usual thermodynamic representations black holes as thermodynamic objects which temperature which is not equal to zero and should radiate.
A number of scientists, for example Stephen Hawking, for the conflict resolution even have assumed that radiation of black holes exists. God plays dice, Stephen Hawking declares, in one of the articles specifying that radiation of black holes contradicts the general theory of a relativity of Einstein. Only as we understand, this phenomenon (radiation of black holes) does not have any experimental acknowledgement; moreover, it is not absolutely clear how such acknowledgements can be received.
In connection to this, to tell the truth, it would be desirable not to consider such hypotheses. Especially, there are some more obvious acknowledgements that the thermodynamics of black holes does not correspond to our thermodynamics. One of them, transformation of weight, energy. As it was already specified, thermonuclear (nuclear) reactions connected with transformation of particles having weight of rest in the particles which do not have weights of rest, have a wide circulation in the Universe (the most obvious example - the thermonuclear reaction occurring on the sun). Whereas, the reactions connected with formation of particles having weight of rest from radiation, meet in the Universe much less often, are reversible and are connected with entropy reduction. For example, the most known reaction of formation of particles with weight of rest from radiation - pair formation, occurs in the Universe less often, than return reaction corresponding to it, annihilation of electron and positron and this parity, obviously, will worsen in course of Universe expansion. We don’t know was Feiman serious when he suggested to consider positron, as electron in the opposite direction time.
Thus, everywhere in visible part of the Universe occurs global transformation of particles having weight of rest in particles that don’t have, telling simply transformation of weight to energy.
On the contrary black holes transform radiation to weight – their cumulative weight of rest becomes greater. Such process has no analogues in the visible Universe and quite possible, it occurs contrary to thermodynamic laws known to us. The impossibility of reception of energy (information) from a black hole, does not allow even to use hypothetically a black hole as a perpetual mobile, thus, for us thermodynamics laws remain fair in any case.
The reader can have a question if transfer of information from a black hole to the observer with terrestrial thermodynamics is impossible then why we have the information on existence of a black hole. The answer is very simple, gravitational laws, are symmetric concerning time as Nobert Wiener has remarkably shown (look the first chapter or the book Cybernetics) and even if the thermodynamics of a black hole is distinct from our thermodynamics or even time in a black hole goes in an opposite direction gravitational influence of weight (energy) localized in a black hole can be estimated by the observer from the visible part of the Universe.
If thermodynamic laws in black holes are distinct from what we observe in the visible Universe a picture of expanding Universe becomes not as pessimistic as was specified in the second law of thermodynamics.
And if we will make perfect, fantastic assumption that time in a black hole moves in an opposite direction, then many contradictions seemed insoluble connected with thermodynamics of black hole are solved.
The observer being in a black hole (the dark observer) will then see, only other black holes, and objects of the visible Universe, will be black holes for him (as that light which for us will be absorbed by a black hole, the observer in a black hole will consider it leaving black hole under the name of Solar system). We do not see light leaving from us; the observer in a black hole will similarly consider that the photons coming from the sun are on the contrary radiated by his system. The assumption that time in a black hole moves in an opposite direction than in the visible Universe, surprisingly flexibly solves a problem of that the black hole system inaccessible to us from the point of view of the general theory of relativity should not be closed from the point of view of thermodynamics. Stephen Hawking, at construction of mathematical model of a black hole has shown that it should radiate particles, but it directly contradicts the theory of a relativity of Einstein as for overcoming the gravity of black hole speed of radiation should exceed a velocity of light C. In case if we assume that time direction in black holes is opposite to ours, the general relativity theory is not broken, as laws of the theory of a relativity are dissymmetric concerning time, also as Newton's laws and for the observer being in a black hole the relativity theory will be completely valid. But such observer cannot transfer this information to us that Nobert Wiener has remarkably shown in his great book, thus, the relativity theory will be true and for us. In addition such position is completely co-ordinate with concepts of dark weight (energy), so fashionable now.
The first law of thermodynamics, also is symmetric concerning the time and the first position of Freedman will be fair even for the dark observer and he should see Universe equally, so
If astronomical supervision will suddenly show that black holes settle down in space also uniformly,then assumption that time in black holes moves in the opposite direction, is not a FANTASY.
The determinacy of the Universe is one more consequence of that in other parts of the Universe time moves in opposite direction in relation to us, it only remains to agree with the great physicist - "God does not play dice".