whopkins@csd.uwm.edu
Dec14-04, 05:35 AM
<jabberwocky><div class="vbmenu_control"><a href="jabberwocky:;" onClick="newWindow=window.open('','usenetCode','toolbar=no, location=no,scrollbars=yes,resizable=yes,status=no ,width=650,height=400'); newWindow.document.write('<HTML><HEAD><TITLE>Usenet ASCII</TITLE></HEAD><BODY topmargin=0 leftmargin=0 BGCOLOR=#F1F1F1><table border=0 width=625><td bgcolor=midnightblue><font color=#F1F1F1>This Usenet message\'s original ASCII form: </font></td></tr><tr><td width=449><br><br><font face=courier><UL><PRE>The requirements, posed on a system given\nby the configuration coordinates\nq(t) = (q^1(t), q^2(t), ...)\nthat\n(1) they be subject to 2nd-order equations of motion:\nq\'(t) = v(t), v\'(t) = a(q(t),v(t))\nand\n(2) have a classical configuration space at each time:\n[q^i(t), q^j(t)] = 0\nis nearly enough, alone, to derive the key properties of\nquantum mechanics, such as the Heisenberg Uncertainty\nPrinciple and Heisenberg equations of motion.\n\nThis feature was first discovered in the early 1990\'s,\nwhere it was shown that if the matrix\nW^{ij} = [q^i, v^j]/(i h-bar)\napproaches a non-singular matrix as h-bar -> 0, then\nthe equations of motion must be so constrained that\nthe equations of motion yield a Hamiltonian system in\nthe classical limit, with W^{ij} being the inverse\nmass matrix (i.e., the hessian d^2H/d(p_i)d(p_j)).\n\nIf the W\'s, instead, are assumed to be c-numbers,\nallowing the matrix to be singular, then the result\nis that the system splits into the direct sum of a\nclassical sector, given by c-number coordinates and\nvelocities, and a quantum sector which is canonically\nquantized with respect to a Hamiltonian which is\nconstrained to be of a form as a polynomial of order 2\nin the conjugate momenta, reducible to the form:\nH = sum (1/2 W^{ij}(q) p_i p_j) + U(q).\n\nThe requirement that (1) and (2) be compatible with one\nanother is actually quite strong. For general\nfunctions A(q), B(q), ... of the configuration coordinates,\ndefine\nW^{AB} = [A, dB/dt]/(i h-bar)\nS^{AB} = [dA/dt, dB/dt]/(i h-bar)\nnote then that\nS^{AB} = -S^{BA}.\nFor general coordinate functions, given the commutativity\nof the q\'s, it also follows that [A,B] = 0.\n\nConsistency with time derivatives already implies\n>From d/dt [A,B]: W^{AB} = W^{BA}\n>From d/dt [A,B\']:\ni h-bar dW^{AB}/dt = 1/2 ([A,B\'\'] + [B,A\'\'])\ni h-bar S^{AB} = 1/2 ([B,A\'\'] - [A,B\'\'])\n>From d/dt [A\',B\']:\ni h-bar dS^{AB}/dt = [A\',B\'\'] - [B\',A\'\'],\nusing primes to denote time derivatives.\n\nThe Jacobi identities imply:\n>From [q,[q,q]]: Nothing new\n>From [q,[q,v]]: [A,W^{BC}] = [B,W^{AC}]\n>From [q,[v,v]]: [A,S^{BC}] = [B\',W^{AC}] - [C\',W^{AB}]\n>From [v,[v,v]]: [A\',S^{BC}] + [B\',S^{CA}] + [C\',S^{AB}] = 0.\n\nSo, with these preliminaries, we\'ll show how the result\nfollows.\n\nFor functions A(q), B(q), ... over configuration space,\ndefine the following:\n\nA is a classical coordinate if [A,A\'] = 0\nA is a quantum coordinate if [A,A\'] is not 0.\nA is canonical if [A,A\'] is a c-number.\n\nA classical sector S is a linear space of functions over\nQ whose members are all classical. S is called a quantum\nsector if all of its members are quantum. It is called\ncanonical, they are all canonical.\n\nSince the sector S is to be closed under linear\ncombinations, then consider the case of the combination\n(A + zB) with A, B in S. If S is classical, one has\n0 = [A+zB,A\'+z\'B+zB\'] = z (W^{AB} + W^{BA}).\nTaking z = 1/2, noting that W^{BA} = W^{AB}, it follows\nthat W^{AB} = 0. The W matrix is 0 over a classical\nsector.\n\nIf S is quantum, or canonical, then by similar arguments\nit follows that W is respectively non-singular over S\nor comprises a matrix of c-numbers over S.\n\nFinally, a sector S is called closed if its coordinates\nhave accelerations given as functions of the other\nmembers of S. For the case of a finite dimensional\nsector S with basis (A1,...,An), the functions would\nbe of the form:\nA\'\' = a^{A}(A1,...,An,A1\',...,An\').\n\nThe result is: a closed canonical sector splits up into\na classical sector and a quantum sector with the latter\ncanonically quantized with respect to a Hamiltonian that\nis a polynomial of order 2 in the conjugate momenta.\n\n---------\n\nFirst, consider the effect of an invertible linear\ntransformation on the coordinates\nQ^a = sum Z^a_i q^i.\nWe\'ll adopt the summation convention here and below and\nwrite this more simply, also in matrix form, as:\nQ = Z q.\nThen\nV = Z v + Z\' q\nV\' = Z a(q,v) + 2 Z\' v + Z\'\' q = A(Q,V)\nwhere\nA(Q,V) = Z a(Z^{-1}Q,Z^{-1}V)\n+ 2 Z\' Z^{-1} V\n+ (Z\'\' Z^{-1} - 2 Z\' Z^{-1} Z\' Z^{-1}) Q\nWriting the commutators in matrix form, we get:\n[Q,Q] = [Zq,Zq] = Z [q,q] Z^T = 0\nW -> [Q,V] = [Zq, Zv + Z\'q] = Z W Z^T\nS -> [V,V] = [Zv + Z\'q, Zv + Z\'q]\n= Z S Z^T + (Z\' W Z^T - Z W Z\'^T)\nusing ()^T to denote transpose.\n\nA closed sector thus transforms linearly to a closed\nsector, with the W\'s behaving as 2nd order tensors\nunder the transformation.\n\n---------\n\nFor canonical sectors, since one has:\n[A,W^{BC}] = 0 = [A\',W^{BC}],\nthen the Jacobi conditions substantially reduce to the\nform:\n[A,S^{BC}] = 0.\nand differentiating:\n[A\',S^{BC}] = -[A,S^{BC}\'].\nAdditionally, one has (after differentiating):\n[A\',W^{BC}] + [A,W^{BC}\'] = 0 -> [A,W^{BC}\'] = 0\nand, if the sector is closed:\n[A\'\',W^{BC}] + [A\',W^{BC}\'] = 0 -> [A\',W^{BC}\'] = 0.\n\nConsider the general case, now, where the coordinates\nthemselves (q^1,...,q^n) form a closed canonical sector,\nwith equations of motion as given above.\n\nWe\'ll see how this works out in detail in the remainder\nof the discussion, which will follow in a later article.\n\n</UL></PRE></font></td></tr></table></BODY><HTML>');"> <IMG SRC=/images/buttons/ip.gif BORDER=0 ALIGN=CENTER ALT="View this Usenet post in original ASCII form"> View this Usenet post in original ASCII form </a></div><P></jabberwocky>The requirements, posed on a system given
by the configuration coordinates
q(t) = (q^1(t), q^2(t), ...)
that
(1) they be subject to 2nd-order equations of motion:
q'(t) = v(t), v'(t) = a(q(t),v(t))
and
(2) have a classical configuration space at each time:
[q^i(t), q^j(t)] =
is nearly enough, alone, to derive the key properties of
quantum mechanics, such as the Heisenberg Uncertainty
Principle and Heisenberg equations of motion.
This feature was first discovered in the early 1990's,
where it was shown that if the matrix
W^{ij} = [q^i, v^j]/(i h-bar)
approaches a non-singular matrix as h-bar -> 0, then
the equations of motion must be so constrained that
the equations of motion yield a Hamiltonian system in
the classical limit, with W^{ij} being the inverse
mass matrix (i.e., the hessian d^{2H}/d(p_i)d(p_j)).
If the W's, instead, are assumed to be c-numbers,
allowing the matrix to be singular, then the result
is that the system splits into the direct sum of a
classical sector, given by c-number coordinates and
velocities, and a quantum sector which is canonically
quantized with respect to a Hamiltonian which is
constrained to be of a form as a polynomial of order 2
in the conjugate momenta, reducible to the form:
H = sum (1/2 W^{ij}(q) p_i p_j) + U(q).
The requirement that (1) and (2) be compatible with one
another is actually quite strong. For general
functions A(q), B(q), ... of the configuration coordinates,
define
W^{AB} = [A, dB/dt]/(i h-bar)
S^{AB} = [dA/dt, dB/dt]/(i h-bar)
note then that
S^{AB} = -S^{BA}.
For general coordinate functions, given the commutativity
of the q's, it also follows that [A,B] = .
Consistency with time derivatives already implies
>From d/dt [A,B]: W^{AB} = W^{BA}
>From d/dt [A,B']:
i h-bar dW^{AB}/dt = 1/2 ([A,B''] + [B,A''])
i h-bar S^{AB} = 1/2 ([B,A''] - [A,B''])
>From d/dt [A',B']:
i h-bar dS^{AB}/dt = [A',B''] - [B',A''],
using primes to denote time derivatives.
The Jacobi identities imply:
>From [q,[q,q]]: Nothing new
>From [q,[q,v]]: [A,W^{BC}] = [B,W^{AC}]
>From [q,[v,v]]: [A,S^{BC}] = [B',W^{AC}] - [C',W^{AB}]
>From [v,[v,v]]: [A',S^{BC}] + [B',S^{CA}] + [C',S^{AB}] = .
So, with these preliminaries, we'll show how the result
follows.
For functions A(q), B(q), ... over configuration space,
define the following:
A is a classical coordinate if [A,A'] =
A is a quantum coordinate if [A,A'] is not .
A is canonical if [A,A'] is a c-number.
A classical sector S is a linear space of functions over
Q whose members are all classical. S is called a quantum
sector if all of its members are quantum. It is called
canonical, they are all canonical.
Since the sector S is to be closed under linear
combinations, then consider the case of the combination
(A + zB) with A, B in S. If S is classical, one has
= [A+zB,A'+z'B+zB'] = z (W^{AB} + W^{BA}).
Taking z = 1/2, noting that W^{BA} = W^{AB}, it follows
that W^{AB} = . The W matrix is over a classical
sector.
If S is quantum, or canonical, then by similar arguments
it follows that W is respectively non-singular over S
or comprises a matrix of c-numbers over S.
Finally, a sector S is called closed if its coordinates
have accelerations given as functions of the other
members of S. For the case of a finite dimensional
sector S with basis (A1,...,An), the functions would
be of the form:
A'' = a^{A}(A1,...,An,A1',...,An').
The result is: a closed canonical sector splits up into
a classical sector and a quantum sector with the latter
canonically quantized with respect to a Hamiltonian that
is a polynomial of order 2 in the conjugate momenta.
---------
First, consider the effect of an invertible linear
transformation on the coordinates
Q^a = sum Z^{a_i} q^i.
We'll adopt the summation convention here and below and
write this more simply, also in matrix form, as:
Q = Z q.
Then
V = Z v + Z' qV' = Z a(q,v) + 2 Z' v + Z'' q = A(Q,V)
where
A(Q,V) = Z a(Z^{-1}Q,Z^{-1}V)+ 2 Z' Z^{-1} V+ (Z'' Z^{-1} - 2 Z' Z^{-1} Z' Z^{-1}) Q
Writing the commutators in matrix form, we get:
[Q,Q] = [Zq,Zq] = Z [q,q] Z^T = W -> [Q,V] = [Zq, Zv + Z'q] = Z W Z^TS -> [V,V] = [Zv + Z'q, Zv + Z'q]
= Z S Z^T + (Z' W Z^T - Z W Z'^T)
using ()^T to denote transpose.
A closed sector thus transforms linearly to a closed
sector, with the W's behaving as 2nd order tensors
under the transformation.
---------
For canonical sectors, since one has:
[A,W^{BC}] == [A',W^{BC}],
then the Jacobi conditions substantially reduce to the
form:
[A,S^{BC}] = .
and differentiating:
[A',S^{BC}] = -[A,S^{BC}'].
Additionally, one has (after differentiating):
[A',W^{BC}] + [A,W^{BC}'] = -> [A,W^{BC}'] =
and, if the sector is closed:
[A'',W^{BC}] + [A',W^{BC}'] = -> [A',W^{BC}'] = .
Consider the general case, now, where the coordinates
themselves (q^1,...,q^n) form a closed canonical sector,
with equations of motion as given above.
We'll see how this works out in detail in the remainder
of the discussion, which will follow in a later article.
by the configuration coordinates
q(t) = (q^1(t), q^2(t), ...)
that
(1) they be subject to 2nd-order equations of motion:
q'(t) = v(t), v'(t) = a(q(t),v(t))
and
(2) have a classical configuration space at each time:
[q^i(t), q^j(t)] =
is nearly enough, alone, to derive the key properties of
quantum mechanics, such as the Heisenberg Uncertainty
Principle and Heisenberg equations of motion.
This feature was first discovered in the early 1990's,
where it was shown that if the matrix
W^{ij} = [q^i, v^j]/(i h-bar)
approaches a non-singular matrix as h-bar -> 0, then
the equations of motion must be so constrained that
the equations of motion yield a Hamiltonian system in
the classical limit, with W^{ij} being the inverse
mass matrix (i.e., the hessian d^{2H}/d(p_i)d(p_j)).
If the W's, instead, are assumed to be c-numbers,
allowing the matrix to be singular, then the result
is that the system splits into the direct sum of a
classical sector, given by c-number coordinates and
velocities, and a quantum sector which is canonically
quantized with respect to a Hamiltonian which is
constrained to be of a form as a polynomial of order 2
in the conjugate momenta, reducible to the form:
H = sum (1/2 W^{ij}(q) p_i p_j) + U(q).
The requirement that (1) and (2) be compatible with one
another is actually quite strong. For general
functions A(q), B(q), ... of the configuration coordinates,
define
W^{AB} = [A, dB/dt]/(i h-bar)
S^{AB} = [dA/dt, dB/dt]/(i h-bar)
note then that
S^{AB} = -S^{BA}.
For general coordinate functions, given the commutativity
of the q's, it also follows that [A,B] = .
Consistency with time derivatives already implies
>From d/dt [A,B]: W^{AB} = W^{BA}
>From d/dt [A,B']:
i h-bar dW^{AB}/dt = 1/2 ([A,B''] + [B,A''])
i h-bar S^{AB} = 1/2 ([B,A''] - [A,B''])
>From d/dt [A',B']:
i h-bar dS^{AB}/dt = [A',B''] - [B',A''],
using primes to denote time derivatives.
The Jacobi identities imply:
>From [q,[q,q]]: Nothing new
>From [q,[q,v]]: [A,W^{BC}] = [B,W^{AC}]
>From [q,[v,v]]: [A,S^{BC}] = [B',W^{AC}] - [C',W^{AB}]
>From [v,[v,v]]: [A',S^{BC}] + [B',S^{CA}] + [C',S^{AB}] = .
So, with these preliminaries, we'll show how the result
follows.
For functions A(q), B(q), ... over configuration space,
define the following:
A is a classical coordinate if [A,A'] =
A is a quantum coordinate if [A,A'] is not .
A is canonical if [A,A'] is a c-number.
A classical sector S is a linear space of functions over
Q whose members are all classical. S is called a quantum
sector if all of its members are quantum. It is called
canonical, they are all canonical.
Since the sector S is to be closed under linear
combinations, then consider the case of the combination
(A + zB) with A, B in S. If S is classical, one has
= [A+zB,A'+z'B+zB'] = z (W^{AB} + W^{BA}).
Taking z = 1/2, noting that W^{BA} = W^{AB}, it follows
that W^{AB} = . The W matrix is over a classical
sector.
If S is quantum, or canonical, then by similar arguments
it follows that W is respectively non-singular over S
or comprises a matrix of c-numbers over S.
Finally, a sector S is called closed if its coordinates
have accelerations given as functions of the other
members of S. For the case of a finite dimensional
sector S with basis (A1,...,An), the functions would
be of the form:
A'' = a^{A}(A1,...,An,A1',...,An').
The result is: a closed canonical sector splits up into
a classical sector and a quantum sector with the latter
canonically quantized with respect to a Hamiltonian that
is a polynomial of order 2 in the conjugate momenta.
---------
First, consider the effect of an invertible linear
transformation on the coordinates
Q^a = sum Z^{a_i} q^i.
We'll adopt the summation convention here and below and
write this more simply, also in matrix form, as:
Q = Z q.
Then
V = Z v + Z' qV' = Z a(q,v) + 2 Z' v + Z'' q = A(Q,V)
where
A(Q,V) = Z a(Z^{-1}Q,Z^{-1}V)+ 2 Z' Z^{-1} V+ (Z'' Z^{-1} - 2 Z' Z^{-1} Z' Z^{-1}) Q
Writing the commutators in matrix form, we get:
[Q,Q] = [Zq,Zq] = Z [q,q] Z^T = W -> [Q,V] = [Zq, Zv + Z'q] = Z W Z^TS -> [V,V] = [Zv + Z'q, Zv + Z'q]
= Z S Z^T + (Z' W Z^T - Z W Z'^T)
using ()^T to denote transpose.
A closed sector thus transforms linearly to a closed
sector, with the W's behaving as 2nd order tensors
under the transformation.
---------
For canonical sectors, since one has:
[A,W^{BC}] == [A',W^{BC}],
then the Jacobi conditions substantially reduce to the
form:
[A,S^{BC}] = .
and differentiating:
[A',S^{BC}] = -[A,S^{BC}'].
Additionally, one has (after differentiating):
[A',W^{BC}] + [A,W^{BC}'] = -> [A,W^{BC}'] =
and, if the sector is closed:
[A'',W^{BC}] + [A',W^{BC}'] = -> [A',W^{BC}'] = .
Consider the general case, now, where the coordinates
themselves (q^1,...,q^n) form a closed canonical sector,
with equations of motion as given above.
We'll see how this works out in detail in the remainder
of the discussion, which will follow in a later article.