Here's the list of things to learn and be thorough with before attempting calculus:-

• Sets
• Real numbers
• Complex numbers
• Solving inequalities and equations
• Properties of functions
• Composite functions
• Polynomial functions
• Rational functions
• Trigonometry
• Trigonometric functions and their inverses
• Trigonometric identities
• Conic sections
• Exponential functions
• Logarithmic...

First, the light from distant galaxies is shifted toward the red, as it should be if space is expanding and galaxies are pulled away from one another.


Second, a sea of thermal radiation (called thermal cosmic background radiation in this chapter) fills space, as it should if space used to be denser and hotter.


Third, the universe contains large amounts of deuterium and helium, as it should if temperatures were once much higher.

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