Thomas Kuhn,
Black–Body Theory and the Quantum Discontinuity 1894 – 1912, has a good history of the early days. Bohr's
Atomic Theory and the Description of Nature is also essential reading for a historical view, especially considering the misconceptions about Bohr and the Copenhagen Interpretation that were prevalent for a long period of time.
Other good primary sources that don't sound quite like what you are looking for are the original EPR paper, Schrodinger's cat paradox paper, Bohm's 1952 paper, Bohr's
Essays on Atomic Physics and Human Knowledge, Heisenberg's
Physics and Philosophy: The Revolution in Modern Science, Bohm's
Wholeness and the Implicate Order and other books.
James Cushing's
Philosophical Concepts in Physics: The Historical Relation Between Philosophy and Scientific Theories has a good introductory level walk through of QM and its relations to relation to relativity and classical physics.
Actually, Bohm wrote a QM textbook (before coming up with his own interpretation),
Quantum Theory, which sounds a lot more like what you're looking for. Bell's
Speakable and Unspeakable in Quantum Mechanics is also probably good.
I do recommend checking out multiple sources for multiple versions of what you're reading about. Almost no one agrees on much of anything.