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The word “system” is contextual in nature. For example, an avionics product can be
considered as a system, or as a subsystem of the aircraft system, or as comprised of a
number of other subsystems. To apply Systems Engineering and Architecting
techniques, one must decide “what constitutes the system”. To provide a framework,
consider the following “levels”:
Level 1 The air transportation system (aircraft, airports, air traffic management ...) or
the air defense system (aircraft, satellites, missiles, ground stations....)
Level 2 The aircraft and/or related systems (trainers, manufacturing systems,
maintenance systems...).
Level 3 Major aircraft subsystems or subassemblies (flight control, propulsion
hydraulic, power, flap, landing gear....)
Level 4 Components (radar, pumps, nacelles, control surfaces.....)
Level 5 Parts (fittings, fasteners, blades.....)
The focus of Aircraft Systems Engineering is primarily on Level 2 - the entire
aircraft. Level 1 is addressed in our department’s Air Transportation Systems program,
while Level 3 is the focus of many of our other programs. Although presented as a clean
hierarchy herein for the sake of brevity and clarity, it is often the interactions of the
various (sub)-systems and/or levels that introduces complexity and a set of key issues that
the systems engineer must examine. The systems engineer must, at least, be aware of the
levels immediately above and below the levels in which they work and consider the
interactions caused by their work within their specific level of consideration.
From a historical perspective, the field of systems engineering developed well after
aircraft were invented. This has led to an evolutionary lexicon in the aircraft industry. In
some aircraft companies, the words “systems engineering” is applied to Level 3
subsystems such as flight control, hydraulic, etc. However, the entire aircraft should be
viewed as a system, and systems architecting and engineering methods applied to its
definition, design, production, operation and maintenance. This tends to be the case more
for military than commercial aircraft. It is emphasized that within the MIT program,
“systems engineering” is applied to Level 2 for the entire product life-cycle from
conceptual design to operation and maintenance, as well as with interactions with Levels
1 and 3.
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