## Weather in a rotating cylinder

I am writing a science fiction story, and would like some help from the PH community.

Details:

There is a cylindrical space ship which is rotating to create artificial gravity.
The cylinder has a circular radius of 10km and a length of 30km.
The rotational period is 3 minutes and 20 seconds to produce 1g on the inside surface.
It is filled with an atmosphere so that the pressure is 1 bar on the inside surface.
One end (aft) of the cylinder is hotter due to the engines.
The other end (forward) is kept cold to preserve an ice ablation shield.
So the temperature inside the ship varies gradually from 0°F to 130°F.

Questions:

How will atmospheric pressure vary with altitude?
How strong and what direction will the wind blow?
What precipitation patterns would be expected?

Thanks to anyone who can help!
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 Read Clarke's Rendezvous with Rama Niven's Ringworld Chafe's Genesis and a few other books I'll think of. They cover this stuff pretty well. And it's also good to read stories similar to your own, so you don't accidentally re-invent the wheel.
 You're describing something different from Clarke's Rama, which I've not read in a long time, but does give ideas. * Coriolis Effects (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coriolis_effect): If you're standing on the inside of a rotating cylinder, and throwing a ball to a person either fore or aft of you, the ball curves. This would have the same effect on rainfall or snowfall. A radius of 10 km is a very large beast. Further, an atmosphere of 1 bar is not needed; humans do fine after acclimatization at pressures up to 12,000 ft. Pressure there is only about 8 psi (vs. 14.7 at sea level). So, another mile above that and there's nearly atmosphere at all. Weather mostly happens in the troposphere, below 40,000 ft, with exceptions in extreme thunderstorms, etc. So, you only have to consider that rain, snow, etc., isn't going to cross-pollinate across the center of your tube. Weather usually happens in response to imbalances in temperature and humidity (creating pressure differences, etc). So, the redistribution of heat from one end to another is going to generate winds similar to Northern hemisphere vs. equatorial winds, with a jet stream above, and a wiggly line of winds going north/south/north/south carrying hotter/cooler air. Source: http://www.challengers101.com/Pressure.html my 5 cents, at least.

## Weather in a rotating cylinder

Also, spinning at 1 g puts a lot of stress on the framework. i'd suggest generating 1/2 G of force. It's enough to stave off bone loss and serious medical problems. it will also greatly reduce the mass requirement of building it to handle high centripetal forces.

 Quote by JustAnyone Coriolis Effects (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coriolis_effect): If you're standing on the inside of a rotating cylinder, and throwing a ball to a person either fore or aft of you, the ball curves. This would have the same effect on rainfall or snowfall.
Right, all objects, including rain drops, will move anti-spinward as they fall. A good detail to add to my description of the environment. There may even be plants that have started to adapt to this feature of rainfall. Now, what about the air its self? Assume the ship and air have been spun up initially. Won't the air, being a fluid, lose rotational energy due to turbulence? This would create tremendous winds blowing from the spinward direction. However, when you spin a bucket of water, the water gradually matches the rotational direction of the bucket. This is due to some rotational energy transferring (due to viscosity?) from the hull to the air. I suppose some equilibrium is reached, where the rate of rotational energy lost to turbulence equals that gained by contact with the hull. My goal is to find an equation or equations to quantify this, so I can know how fast the spinward winds will be.

 Quote by JustAnyone A radius of 10 km is a very large beast. Further, an atmosphere of 1 bar is not needed; humans do fine after acclimatization at pressures up to 12,000 ft. Pressure there is only about 8 psi (vs. 14.7 at sea level). So, another mile above that and there's nearly atmosphere at all.
Lowering the pressure is a tempting design compromise, thanks for the idea! So, from sea level to 12,000 ft the pressure drops from 14.7 to 8 psi. That makes for a slope of -1.83 psi per kilometer elevation. That is true on Earth because of the force of gravity, and properties of the atmosphere. What is a model used to determine the atmospheric pressure as it varies with altitude, temperature, etc.? My goal is to come up with a similar atmospheric density function for my cylindrical spaceship.

 Quote by JustAnyone Weather mostly happens in the troposphere, below 40,000 ft, with exceptions in extreme thunderstorms, etc. So, you only have to consider that rain, snow, etc., isn't going to cross-pollinate across the center of your tube.
Won't water evaporate in the hotter region (aft), and blow with the wind to condense in the colder region (fore)? This was my prediction, and I considered that rivers would then flow the opposite direction, returning water aft.

 Quote by JustAnyone Weather usually happens in response to imbalances in temperature and humidity (creating pressure differences, etc). So, the redistribution of heat from one end to another is going to generate winds similar to Northern hemisphere vs. equatorial winds, with a jet stream above, and a wiggly line of winds going north/south/north/south carrying hotter/cooler air.
I'm having trouble visualizing this inside a cylinder. What is the equivalent of "North" inside the ship? I considered that hotter air will rise "up" towards the circular center. Due to the gradient of temperature increasing towards the aft, wiggly lines of wind will move forward carrying heat away.
 A good model might be (extemporaneous thoughts here...) a high-tilt planet. These have high heat loads at one end, cold opposite poles, and high winds between equalizing things. I would recommend something - an actual experiment. * Obtain a lathe. * Obtain two small sheets of plexiglass, and cut out two (or more) disks to an approximate disk shape and mount to lathe. * Spin. Work lathe with mechanically-mounted scraper to ensure very, very good roundness. * Obtain thinner plexiglass that can bend to the curvature to mount as a skin. Seal the container. * Measuring very carefully and drilling with a drill press to ensure proper balanced placement, drill two holes at the same distance from the axis in a straight line. Evacuate the cylinder with a vacuum pump. * Replace gas in tube with nitrogen at very low pressure. * Put in many teeeeny teeeeny tiny styrofoam balls/shavings. * Make marks in spiral pattern on outside of tube with black marker. * Spin up cylinder to high RPM. Obtain high speed camera. * Place infrared heat source (100 watt light bulb?) at one end of tube to heat it. * Observe patterns.

 Quote by JustAnyone * Coriolis Effects (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coriolis_effect): If you're standing on the inside of a rotating cylinder, and throwing a ball to a person either fore or aft of you, the ball curves. This would have the same effect on rainfall or snowfall.
There is no coriolis effect in a rotating cylinder since every point on the inside surface is the same distance from the axis of rotation and therefore are all moving at the same velocity. There is an altitude based coriolis effect though; objects falling from a higher altitude. like rain-drops, will move anti-spinward.
 If I may add something about air circulation. In stationary cylinder, in zero gravity, hot air would stay at hot end and cold air on cold end, with gradual temperature changes from one end to other. When cylinder spins it will make, by friction, air spin in direction of the spin. This will create artificial gravity that will affect air in a way that it will create higher air pressure by walls of cylinder and lower air pressure in the center of cylinder along rotation axis. Now masses of air hot and cold will compete for the high gravity space at the walls of cylinder. Cold air being heavier/denser will win the place by the walls forcing hot air up, in the center of cylinder. The motion of air, the first wind, will start blowing from cold end of cylinder, along the walls, spiraling with rotation of the cylinder, towards the hot end. Actually, the first wind might be felt by people, to blowing in opposite direction, as it will be slower than rotation of cylinder and people inside, sort of paradox for them. This cold air will reach the hot end and start warming up building pressure. On opposing end, outflow of cold air will create lower pressure zone sucking hot air from the middle of cylinder, this in turn will suck newly warmed up air from hot end,....and the airflow, pressure differences, and gravity/friction, will start speeding up the wind inside. Once the flow is stabilized, the wind speed at walls of cylinder will be blowing faster than rotation of the cylinder, therefore wind will be felt going in correct direction. The only unsure thing for me is that with giant size of cylinder and topography of the surface, there might be few different currents of air flowing at same time, and in different "altitudes". The air exactly in center of it might be stationary, or other sources of heat, like lights, might change things too. But generally speaking, cold air will stay at the walls/ground flowing from cold to hot end, and hot air inside flowing from hot to cold. The are certain computer programs that might do the trick for your, but they are terribly expensive, about 5,000 dollars, ouch. Google lagoa tech, or 3d engine.
 One more thing. I'm pretty sure that in a big cylinder like yours, the wind currents will be established, like rovers flowing around more stationary air. There will be one or maybe more currents flowing of colder air by the ground, from one end snaking around in pattern of helix, to the other end. Still rotating with cylinder but a bit slower, and cyclically they will come back to the same places in relation to the ground. There reason is that once a current is established it is the least resistance path for air to flow, therefore they are hard to brake or stop. So people inside on the ground would feel a colder wind blowing in intervals of a minute or few. I say wind, but it would be more like a light breeze. If you have mountains on a ground, they could redirect air flow upward, which can mess up air flows for some time, till the current passes the mountains.
 If I may add something about air circulation. In stationary cylinder, in zero gravity, hot air would stay at hot end and cold air on cold end, with gradual temperature changes from one end to other. When cylinder spins it will make, by friction, air spin in direction of the spin. This will create artificial gravity that will affect air in a way that it will create higher air pressure by walls of cylinder and lower air pressure in the center of cylinder along rotation axis. Now masses of air hot and cold will compete for the high gravity space at the walls of cylinder. Cold air being heavier/denser will win the place by the walls forcing hot air up, in the center of cylinder. The motion of air, the first wind, will start blowing from cold end of cylinder, along the walls, spiraling with rotation of the cylinder, towards the hot end. Actually, the first wind might be felt by people, to blowing in opposite direction, as it will be slower than rotation of cylinder and people inside, sort of paradox for them. This cold air will reach the hot end and start warming up building pressure. On opposing end, outflow of cold air will create lower pressure zone sucking hot air from the middle of cylinder, this in turn will suck newly warmed up air from hot end,....and the airflow, pressure differences, and gravity/friction, will start speeding up the wind inside. Once the flow is stabilized, the wind speed at walls of cylinder will be blowing faster than rotation of the cylinder, therefore wind will be felt going in correct direction.
 Ever since reading the book I have been curious about the Rama structure. One big question I have is would the pressure at the center actually be close to vacuum or would the structure have to be filled and pressurized more then that? I am not a physicist. I am trying to learn. But it seems to me rotational force would be quite different than gravity so I am wondering what would pull the air away from the center of the cylinder?

 Quote by jnjordan37 Ever since reading the book I have been curious about the Rama structure. One big question I have is would the pressure at the center actually be close to vacuum or would the structure have to be filled and pressurized more then that? I am not a physicist. I am trying to learn. But it seems to me rotational force would be quite different than gravity so I am wondering what would pull the air away from the center of the cylinder?
The pressure gradient with altitude in a rotating cylinder is small. The air near the centre is virtually weightless, so there's little reason for it to settle. This means the air pressure there would be lower but not by much.

 Quote by jnjordan37 Ever since reading the book I have been curious about the Rama structure. One big question I have is would the pressure at the center actually be close to vacuum or would the structure have to be filled and pressurized more then that? I am not a physicist. I am trying to learn. But it seems to me rotational force would be quite different than gravity so I am wondering what would pull the air away from the center of the cylinder?
Your description sounds like the O'Neill cylinder (GK O'Neill). I would think that the same centrifugal 'force' that simulates gravity, holding objects against the inside of the outer wall, would also act on the gas molecules in the cylinder in the same way unless other forces, such as convection, were also involved. There almost certainly would not be a near vacuum at the central axis of rotation given your dimensions, especially given a rotational speed sufficient for 0.5 to 0.7 g at the surface.

The O'Neill cylinder has many variations. It's impractical to fill such a large volume with an "atmosphere". An internal cylinder could form a roof above the habitat surface at a sufficiently comfortable height, say 60 meters. It could have a blue lit surface simulating sky. Such illusions could be important for the psychological adaption of earthlings to living in space. Inside in the interior cylinder could be factories and other infrastructure that doesn't require (and might operate better without) a full atmosphere or gravity.

EDIT.

DaveC is correct in that the air pressure at the axis wouldn't be much lower than the surface because of the sharp force gradient between the surface and the axis. However if you had really huge vessel, say with a large fraction of the earth radius, and an amount of gas necessary to equal terrestrial conditions on earth with a rotational rate sufficient for 1g at the surface, you could get an earthlike standard atmosphere. That could give a near vacuum at the axis. You would have to calculate the actual radius because the force gradient would not be the same as the earth's gravitational field.

 Quote by SW VandeCarr DaveC is correct in that the air pressure at the axis wouldn't be much lower than the surface because of the sharp force gradient between the surface and the axis.
Don't you mean small?

 Quote by SW VandeCarr That would give a near vacuum at the axis.
More evidence of a very small gradient in pressure.

 Quote by DaveC426913 Don't you mean small? More evidence of a very small gradient in pressure.
The pseudo-gravitational force falls from its full value at the surface linearly to zero over just 10 km. It depends only on the effective radius for a given rate of rotation. In a very large vessel, the same gradient would be over a much larger distance and therefore less per unit distance. The pressure gradient is much more complicated. What you can say is that the force acting on the atmosphere falls more rapidly with unit distance in a smaller vessel.

EDIT: For a very large vessel, the gradient per unit distance will more closely approximate that of true gravity over a range near the surface. For example, set the earth's radius to r=1 and let earth gravity at the surface g=1. Than g at b distance above the earth's surface is $g'=(1/(1+b))^2=0.444$ for b=0.5. For pseudo-gravity at an altitude of 0.5 r above the inner wall of the rotating vessel (equivalent to 1.5 r from the center of the earth) g'' would be slightly stronger at 0.5.

At b=0.1 for earth we have $g'=(1/1.1)^2=0.824$ while for pseudo-gravity g''=0.9 when 1/10 of earth radius above the inner surface. Therefore with the right amount of atmosphere, the physical conditions of the Earth Standard Atmosphere might be closely approximated, and the axis at one full radius altitude should be well into the near vacuum of extraterrestrial space.

http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/st...ere-d_604.html

 Quote by SW VandeCarr The pseudo-gravitational force falls from its full value at the surface linearly to zero over just 10 km.
Right. Sorry. I was thinking you meant the pressure gradient.

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