Understanding the Properties of Water at 104.45°

In summary, the angle of water being 104.45° is due to the sp3 hybridization of the O-atom and the greater repulsion from non-bonding electron pairs. However, there is now evidence to suggest that the 2s orbital is unhybridized and the angle is further affected by steric repulsion from the hydrogen atoms.
  • #1
msadoti
1
0
Why does water angled 104.45° ?
 
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  • #2
Because the O-atom is sp3 hybridized, and the repulsion from non-bonding electron pairs is greater than that from bonding electron pairs.
 
  • #3
Gokul - good answer. But it doesn't totally explain the divergence of the 104.45 degree angle from the expected 109.47 degree angle - this explains why (I think):

http://xnet.rrc.mb.ca/rcharney/The%20water%20molecule.htm
 
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  • #4
Jim, the divergence was traditionally explained in terms of a greater delocalization of the lone pairs causing the bond angle to be smaller that the symmetric angle - this is what I stated above. However, the information in your reference suggests there is now good reason to believe that in fact, the 2s orbital is unhybridized and the 105 deg = 90 deg + steric repulsion from H atoms.

Thanks for the link.
 

1. What is the significance of the temperature 104.45° when studying the properties of water?

The temperature 104.45° is known as the triple point of water, where the three phases of water (solid, liquid, and gas) coexist in equilibrium. It is a crucial temperature for understanding the properties of water because it represents the point at which all three phases are at their most stable state.

2. How does the density of water change at 104.45°?

At 104.45°, the density of water is at its highest, which means that water molecules are packed together more tightly. This is because the intermolecular forces between water molecules are at their strongest at the triple point, leading to a more compact arrangement.

3. What are the implications of the unique properties of water at 104.45° for living organisms?

The properties of water at 104.45° are essential for life on Earth. The high density of water at this temperature allows for lakes and oceans to freeze from the top down, providing a layer of insulation for aquatic life during cold winter months. Additionally, the triple point of water is also used as a reference point for measuring other thermodynamic quantities, such as enthalpy and entropy.

4. How does the triple point of water affect Earth's climate?

The triple point of water plays a significant role in regulating Earth's climate. The melting and freezing of ice at the triple point help to regulate the Earth's temperature, acting as a thermostat to prevent extreme temperature fluctuations. This stability is crucial for sustaining life on our planet.

5. Are there any other substances that have a triple point like water?

Yes, there are several other substances that have a triple point, such as carbon dioxide, ammonia, and sulfur dioxide. However, water's triple point is unique in that it occurs at a relatively high temperature and pressure, making it more accessible for studying and observing in laboratory settings.

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