Unsolved problems in astrophysics.

[Terilien]

What kind of unsolved problems are there in astrophysics right now?

 

[Kt_Atis]

This is a list of some of the unsolved problems in physics. Some of these problems are theoretical, meaning that existing theories seem incapable of explaining some observed phenomenon or experimental result. Others are experimental, meaning that there is a difficulty in creating an experiment to test a proposed theory or investigate a phenomenon in greater detail.

-Phenomena lacking clear scientific explanation

Accretion disc jets
Why do the accretion discs surrounding certain astronomical objects, such as the nuclei of active galaxies, emit relativistic jets along their polar axes?

Accelerating universe
What is the source of the observed accelerated expansion of the universe? What is the nature of the dark energy driving this acceleration?

Amorphous solids
What is the nature of the transition between a fluid or regular solid and a glassy phase? What are the physical processes giving rise to the general properties of glasses?

Entropy (arrow of time)
Why did the universe have such low entropy in the past, resulting in the distinction between past and future and the second law of thermodynamics? Why does time flow in one direction at all, on macroscopic scales, when there does not seem to be an arrow of time on the scale of fundamental interactions?

Ball lightning
Are these glowing, floating objects real? How can they be explained?

Baryon asymmetry
Why is there far more matter than antimatter in the universe?

Black hole structure
Does a black hole have an internal structure, and if so, what is its nature?

Cold fusion
What is the theoretical explanation for the apparent production of excess heat and helium in palladium metal when it is saturated with deuterium?

Corona heating problem
Why is the Sun's Corona (atmosphere layer) so much hotter than the Sun's surface?
Cosmological constant

Why doesn't the zero-point energy of vacuum cause a large cosmological constant? What cancels it out? Is a non-total cancellation of the cosmological constant responsible for the observed accelerated expansion (deSitter phase) of the Universe?

Dark matter
What is dark matter? Is it related to supersymmetry? Do the phenomena attributed to dark matter point not to some form of matter but actually to an extension of gravity?

Electroweak symmetry breaking
What is the mechanism responsible for breaking the electroweak gauge symmetry, giving mass to the W and Z? Is it the simple Higgs mechanism of the Standard Model?

Fundamental physical constants
Can fundamental constants be predicted by a more complete theory? Do "fundamental physical constants" vary over time?

Gamma ray bursts (short duration)
What is the nature of these extraordinarily energetic astronomical objects that last less than two seconds?

High-temperature superconductors
What is the responsible mechanism that causes certain materials to exhibit superconductivity at temperatures much higher than around 50 kelvins?

Hipparcos Anomaly
How far away are the Pleiades, exactly?

Island of stability
What is the largest theoretically possible stable atom?

Minkowski space
Why does the Minkowski metric describe the vacuum?

Neutrino mass
What is the mechanism responsible for generating neutrino masses? Is the neutrino its own antiparticle?

Pioneer anomaly
What causes the apparent residual sunward acceleration of the Pioneer spacecraft ?

Sonoluminescence
What causes the emission of short bursts of light from imploding bubbles in a liquid when excited by sound?

Turbulence
Is it possible to make a theoretical model to describe the behavior of a turbulent flow (in particular, its internal structures)?

Ultra-high-energy cosmic ray
Why is it that some cosmic rays appear to possesses energies that are impossibly high (the so called Oh-My-God particle), given that there are no sufficiently energetic cosmic ray sources near the Earth? Why is it that (apparently) some cosmic rays emitted by distant sources have energies above the Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuzmin limit?

Also it would be nice if someone could come up with some cool theories.

 

[sir-pinski]

There are numerous unsolved problems in astrophysics that continue to intrigue and challenge scientists. Some of the major unsolved problems include the nature of dark matter and dark energy, the origin and evolution of galaxies, the existence of black holes and their role in the formation of structures in the universe, the origin of cosmic rays, and the search for extraterrestrial life.

One of the biggest mysteries in astrophysics is the nature of dark matter, which is believed to make up about 85% of the matter in the universe. Despite its significant presence, we still do not know what dark matter is made of and how it interacts with other forms of matter. This has led to various theories and experiments to try and understand this elusive substance.

Similarly, the nature of dark energy, which is believed to be responsible for the accelerated expansion of the universe, remains a mystery. Scientists are still trying to understand the properties of dark energy and its role in the evolution of the universe.

The formation and evolution of galaxies is another area of astrophysics that continues to present challenges. While we have a basic understanding of how galaxies form and evolve, there are still many unanswered questions about the processes involved, such as the role of dark matter and the mechanisms behind the formation of different types of galaxies.

The existence and behavior of black holes also pose significant unsolved problems in astrophysics. While we have detected and studied many black holes, there is still much we don't know about their formation, growth, and interactions with their surroundings.

Another major unsolved problem in astrophysics is the origin of cosmic rays, which are high-energy particles that travel through space. Scientists are still trying to understand where these particles come from and how they are accelerated to such high energies.

Finally, the search for extraterrestrial life continues to be a major focus in astrophysics. While we have discovered thousands of exoplanets and have a better understanding of the conditions necessary for life to exist, we have yet to find any definitive evidence of life beyond Earth.

Overall, the unsolved problems in astrophysics highlight the vastness and complexity of the universe and the ongoing quest for knowledge and understanding. These challenges drive scientists to push the boundaries of our understanding and continue to make groundbreaking discoveries in this field.