Non relativistic Neutrinos

In summary, the conversation discusses the concept of neutrinos being non-relativistic and how this can be reconciled with their energy levels. It is mentioned that primordial neutrinos could potentially be non-relativistic, but this is difficult to detect. The possibility of measuring the cosmic neutrino background and the challenges involved are also discussed, with the PTOLEMY project being mentioned as a potential way to perform this measurement. Overall, the conversation provides insight into the complexities of studying neutrinos and their properties.
  • #1
ChrisVer
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How can someone think of the neutrinos as non relativistic?
OK I understand for example that the neutrino temperature is very small even compared to their masses... but at the same time I find it non trivial to think of very light particles with energies:
[itex]E≥1eV[/itex]
non-relativistic... How can the two pictures be compatible?
 
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  • #3
I think the normal active neutrino is always ultra-relativistic. It is some hypothetical heavier neutrino (e.g. sterile, Majorana neutrinos) that would have to be treated differently, I think.
 
  • #4
Primordial neutrinos (T=2K) could be non-relativistic, if their mass is close to the current exclusion limits.
 
  • #5
ChrisVer said:
... the neutrino temperature is very small ...

Uh ... what is the "temperature" of a single neutrino?
 
  • #6
Bee Hossenfelder did a bit on her blog about the temperature of the CvB, expansion, and the velocity of these neutrinos here:
The Cosmic Neutrino Background

Today, the temperature of the cosmic neutrino background, CνB, is about 10-4 eV or 2 Kelvin... ... at least some of the neutrino species must have cooled so much that their kinetic energy is smaller than their restmass, which means they are non-relativistic.
 
  • #7
Just to add a bit to what has been said: The lower bound on the heaviest neutrino mass from oscillation experiments is around 0.05 eV. Since the C##\nu##B has a temperature significantly lower than this, it means that C##\nu##B neutrinos will typically have a kinetic energy significantly lower than their mass (or at least a third of it will). While this background is predicted, the low energy of the C##\nu##B makes it essentially impossible to detect and current experiments are far from sensitive enough to do so. Its existence thus remains inferred by our current knowledge of particle physics and cosmology. However, there are a few ideas floating around on how such a measurement could (theoretically) be performed.
 
  • #8
Trifis said:
I think the normal active neutrino is always ultra-relativistic.

As long as its mass is nonzero, its velocity is less than c and there is a reference frame where it is not only not relativistic, but where it is stationary.
 
  • #9
Orodruin said:
While this background is predicted, the low energy of the C##\nu##B makes it essentially impossible to detect and current experiments are far from sensitive enough to do so. Its existence thus remains inferred by our current knowledge of particle physics and cosmology. However, there are a few ideas floating around on how such a measurement could (theoretically) be performed.
PTOLEMY is an actual project.
 
  • #10
Their prototype does not have sufficient energy resolution to discover the CNB. I would consider this to be an idea that is floating around and the prospects of this type of experiment depend on several factors, such as gravitational clustering. I also do not think their keV sterile neutrino search will be successful. Such a neutrino would necessarily have a very small mixing, resulting in a highly suppressed event rate.
 
  • #11
I didn't see results from the prototype.
But on the other hand: it is a prototype. A few years of development can have an amazing impact. I see this at the LHC. You start with some design goals, develop and build the machine/detector and while you exceed the design values (at least many of them) you plan the next upgrade that can do an order of magnitude better.
 
  • #12
I don't think the prototype has results, it is just what they claim it will be able to do.

We are talking about measuring the kinetic energy of an electron at a sub-eV level. There are physical limitations at play here. By design the experiment will also measure the background of normal tritium decay and resolution is essential, in particular the high end tail of the resolution function - if you do not control it extremely well you get swamped. I don't remember PTOLEMY's strategy at the moment, but this typically involves large spectrometers. KATRIN has a pretty large spectrometer and its resolution is still in the O(eV) range. To guarantee a good signal/background ratio if the neutrino mass ordering is inverted you would need something like 0.01 eV resolution. In normal ordering it is typically worse. Things lighten up a bit in the degenerate regime, both because you get more clustering and less need for energy resolution, but cosmology seems about to challenge this possibility.

That said, nobody would be happier than me if they actually could perform this measurement.
 
  • #13
By design the experiment will also measure the background of normal tritium decay and resolution is essential, in particular the high end tail of the resolution function - if you do not control it extremely well you get swamped.
Sure.
I don't remember PTOLEMY's strategy at the moment, but this typically involves large spectrometers. KATRIN has a pretty large spectrometer and its resolution is still in the O(eV) range.
One of the main limitations of KATRIN is the source - molecular tritium where the remaining tritium atom can get some (variable) part of the decay energy. PTOLEMY avoids this problem with a (demonstrated) lower binding energy.
To guarantee a good signal/background ratio if the neutrino mass ordering is inverted you would need something like 0.01 eV resolution. In normal ordering it is typically worse.
The heaviest mass eigenstate has to be above that value, I don't know how many standard deviations separation you need there. Regular beta decay electrons so close to the threshold are rare, too - even if you do not get a clear gap between primordial neutrinos and the endpoint of the beta decay spectrum, data could be sufficient to find a signal. If not, it would at least promise to give a very good upper limit on neutrino masses.
 
  • #14
mfb said:
The heaviest mass eigenstate has to be above that value, I don't know how many standard deviations separation you need there. Regular beta decay electrons so close to the threshold are rare, too - even if you do not get a clear gap between primordial neutrinos and the endpoint of the beta decay spectrum, data could be sufficient to find a signal.

I remember checking this at some point. For the lowest possible neutrino masses there should be essentially no gravitational clustering. Even if the end-point decays are rare, convoluting the normal beta decay distribution with a Gaussian resolution function results in a very steep growth of the background.

In the case of normal mass ordering the ##\nu_e## would contain mostly a nearly massless state which would be overwhelmed by the background. The already low event rate for the ##\nu_3## part would be further suppressed by ##\sin^2\theta_{13}##.

In the inverted ordering things lighten up a bit as most of the ##\nu_e## would be contained in states with a mass of around 0.05 eV. However, here ##\theta_{13} \neq 0## plays a negative role as there is a part of the background spectrum which extends to the ##Q## value. For ##\theta_{13} = 10^\circ##, which is relatively close to the actual value, the background spectrum convoluted with a Gaussian energy resolution of 0.03 eV (FWHM) grows steeply (in comparison to the signal) around 0.04 eV.

Of course, things would look better if neutrino masses are in the degenerate regime as this would add more separation between the signal and background.

If not, it would at least promise to give a very good upper limit on neutrino masses.

No arguments here.
 

1. What are non relativistic neutrinos?

Non relativistic neutrinos are subatomic particles that have a very small mass and interact only weakly with other particles. They are produced in nuclear reactions and can travel long distances without being affected by electromagnetic or strong nuclear forces.

2. How are non relativistic neutrinos different from other neutrinos?

Non relativistic neutrinos have a lower energy and velocity compared to other neutrinos. This means they have a longer wavelength and a smaller momentum. They also have a shorter mean free path, which refers to the distance they can travel before interacting with other particles.

3. What is the significance of non relativistic neutrinos in physics?

Non relativistic neutrinos play a crucial role in understanding the Standard Model of particle physics and the properties of the universe. They are important in the study of nuclear reactions, astrophysics, and cosmology. Their existence also helps explain the phenomenon of neutrino oscillation, which has implications for our understanding of fundamental particles and their interactions.

4. Can non relativistic neutrinos be detected?

Yes, non relativistic neutrinos can be detected through their interactions with matter, although this is a difficult task due to their weak interactions. Scientists use large detectors, such as underground tanks filled with liquid or ice, to capture and study neutrinos. These detectors are designed to detect the faint signals produced when a non relativistic neutrino collides with an atomic nucleus.

5. Are non relativistic neutrinos affected by gravity?

Yes, non relativistic neutrinos are affected by gravity, just like all other particles with mass. They are subject to the gravitational force of large objects, such as stars and galaxies, which can cause them to change direction or speed as they travel through space. This is an important factor in the study of the large-scale structure of the universe and the effects of dark matter.

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