Prove that the intersection of subspaces is subspace

[Saladsamurai]

Homework Statement

Prove that the intersection of any collection of subspaces of V is a subspace of V.

Okay, so I had to look up on wiki what an intersection is. To my understanding, it is basically the 'place' where sets or spaces 'overlap.'

I am not sure how to construct the problem in the language of math.

If U₁,...,U_n are subspaces of V then I have show that their intersection includes the additive ID and is closed under addition and scalar multiplication.

can someone give me a kick in the right direction?

 

[Dick]

If an element 'x' is in all of the U1...Un, then it is in the intersection (call it U). And if 'x' is in U then it is in all of the U1...Un. Suppose 'x' is the additive identity. What can you conclude? The other properties of the subspace U follow from similar arguments.

 

[Saladsamurai]

If an element 'x' is in all of the U1...Un, then it is in the intersection (call it U). And if 'x' is in U then it is in all of the U1...Un. Suppose 'x' is the additive identity. What can you conclude? The other properties of the subspace U follow from similar arguments.

Well, then the additive ID is in U. But I am not seeing something. Let's just take the example of two subspaces intersecting, U1 and U2. This might be a silly question: how do we know that the 'place' where these two subspaces 'overlap' does indeed include the additive ID?

 

[Dick]

Let's call the identity '0', ok? 0 is in U1 (since it's a subspace). 0 is in U2 (since it's a subspace). If 0 is in U1 and U2, then it is in their intersection U. You are either overthinking this or you might want to look up the definition of 'intersection' in set theory.

 

[Saladsamurai]

Okay. I just looked it up again and read it more carefully (the 1st time I only looked at the Venn Diagram). So, the definition says

the intersection of two sets A and B is the set that contains all elements of A that also belong to B (or equivalently, all elements of B that also belong to A), but no other elements.

Your statement now makes mucho more sense.

So since the intersection U contains all of the elements that are common to U1,...,Un then U must contain the 0, since by def, U1,..,Un contain 0.

Now for the other properties...

 

[Dick]

Ok, if 'a' is in U, then it's in U1...Un, right? Ditto for 'b'. If 'a' is in U1 and 'b' is in U1 then 'a+b' is in U1 (because it's a subspace). Similarly, 'a+b' is in ALL of the U's. Hence?

 

[Saladsamurai]

So now I need to show that the intersection is closed under addition. Let U be the intersection of the subspaces U1,...,Un and let u1,...,u_n be their elements.

I have the feeling I should use the definition of a Sum of Subspaces here, but I am not sure.

EDIT: I just saw your last post. I am again getting a little lost by the definitions here. I am not sure how to express what it is that confuses me. Give me a minute to try and word it.

 

[Saladsamurai]

Let me digress a little from this particular problem and talk about sets and spaces in general. To make sure that I understand some of the basics here. Please correct any misconceptions that I might convey.

If K is a field, then K is also a set. If V is a vector space over K, then some element of V named v is an ordered list of coordinates which are comprised of elements of K right?

Now when we say that V is closed under addition, we mean that when two (or any number of) elements from V are added we get an other element that is in V.

Now, I get a little confused there. What does it mean in V.

I some of the other problems that I have done, it has been given that some condition has to be met like https://www.physicsforums.com/showthread.php?t=323907". Look at case (d). It says that x1=5*x3. So when I add two arbitrary vectors, I can then look and check that the resulting vector takes the same form as the given condition.

But when we speak so generally about a vector space like "when elements from V are added we get an other element that is in V" but we are not given a condition that I can test, I get lost.

I am not trying to make this more complex than it is, I am just trying to fill in the blanks (in my head )

 

[Dick]

You are right. There is nothing to calculate here. It's all just logic. Go back to having just U1 and U2 and their intersection U. If a vector 'a' and a vector 'b' are in U, then they must be in U1 AND U2. Ok so far?

 

[Saladsamurai]

You are right. There is nothing to calculate here. It's all just logic. Go back to having just U1 and U2 and their intersection U. If a vector 'a' and a vector 'b' are in U, then they must be in U1 AND U2. Ok so far?

Righto!

 

[Dick]

Ok, then if 'a' and 'b' are in U1, then 'a+b' is in U1 (since it's a subspace). Ditto for U2. Still ok? Then 'a+b' is in U1 and U2. Is it in their intersection U?

 

[Saladsamurai]

No wait! That's what my last post was about if 'a' and 'b' are in U1, then why does that necessitate that 'a+b' also be in U1 ? I know I am missing a detail of a definition somewhere.
Side question: It might have to do with a field. Can a field be finite? Like can the scalars 1-100 be considered a field? Or ...

 

[Dick]

No wait! That's what my last post was about if 'a' and 'b' are in U1, then why does that necessitate that 'a+b' also be in U1 ? I know I am missing a detail of a definition somewhere.



Side question: It might have to do with a field. Can a field be finite? Like can the scalars 1-100 be considered a field? Or ...

I said it. You are GIVEN U1 is a subspace. It's the premise of the problem. It's a SUBSPACE. If 'a' is in U1 and 'b' is in U1 then 'a+b' is in U1. Otherwise it wouldn't be a subspace. A field can be finite. But that doesn't have anything to do with this question.

 

[Saladsamurai]

Okay. But what you are saying is that because it is a subspace, a+b must be in U1.

But what I am trying to ask is: why? I know I sound like an annoying 2-year-old right now, but it is something fundamental that I do not understand.

Is it just because of the definition? That is, we are saying that in order for a set to even be called a subspace, if 'a' and 'b' are in the set, then 'a+b' is also in the set by definition?

 

[Dick]

Yes, annoying two year old, it's the definition of a subspace. :) It's 'just because'. There's nothing to calculate here. It's a definition. No numbers, no nothing. All you have are definitions.

 

[Saladsamurai]

Okay. Because when I look at the definitions of subspace, it doesn't click that we are defining it like that.

My interpretation of the definition was this: if a set is closed under addition, scalar mult, etc, then it is a subspace. I know it's basically the same, but in the context of this problem, oh forget it! It will take all day to explain what I am trying to say!

Can we talk about vector spaces for a second? Do we define a vector space the same way? I mean I know what he def of a vector space is from my book: addition commutes, associates, is distributive and scalar multiplication distributes. and some other stuff.

BUT, do we also say that if 'a' and 'b' are in V, then a+b must be in V? Of course we do; that's a stupid question (now I am talking to myself)...right?

 

[Saladsamurai]

Okay. Here we go. Silly example that will give me some good insight. Pretend that I really am a 2-year-old.

I am given that a=(1,1) and b=(2,2) and that both are in V. I add them up for a cookie and get a+b=(3,3) mmmmm chocolate chip, my favorite.

You then tell me that (3,3) is also in V. I say "why"? How do we know that V doesn't "only go up to" (2,2) ? How do we know it did not 'end' at (2,2)?

 

[Dick]

Right. You are talking to yourself. If the problem says V is a vector space, then if a and b are in V, then a+b. Period. It's CLOSED UNDER ADDITION. It's in the definition. Are you saying they could be lying when the say V is a vector space? This is getting too existential for me.

 

[Dick]

Okay. Here we go. Silly example that will give me some good insight. Pretend that I really am a 2-year-old.

I am given that a=(1,1) and b=(2,2) and that both are in V. I add them up for a cookie and get a+b=(3,3) mmmmm chocolate chip, my favorite.

You then tell me that (3,3) is also in V. I say "why"? How do we know that V doesn't "only go up to" (2,2) ? How do we know it did not 'end' at (2,2)?

Because they told you V is a vector space, you silly duck. If (1,1) is in V and (2,2) is in V and V IS A VECTOR SPACE then (3,3) is in V. If it's not then they lied about V being a vector space. And what would be the point to that?

 

[Saladsamurai]

Okay. So we back to "because I said so" ('I' being the math gods).

So similar to the definition of a subspace we could say: Hey, check out this set! S={1,2,3,4,5} is it a vector space?

(before I move on ... is this question even OK to ask?)

If it is OK I would answer NO. Since I could add two elements like 5+4=9 which is not in S.

 

[Dick]

It's fine to ask but it's not going anywhere. This is just silly. When you are asked to prove something, you can't prove the premise. That's what you are given. If I ask you to prove the sum of the angles of a triangle T sum to 180 degrees are you going to say I didn't prove T has three sides?? That's what you are doing, you know. What's this 'math gods' crap? Definitions are 'just because'.

 

[Dick]

Okay. So we back to "because I said so" ('I' being the math gods).

So similar to the definition of a subspace we could say: Hey, check out this set! S={1,2,3,4,5} is it a vector space?

(before I move on ... is this question even OK to ask?)

If it is OK I would answer NO. Since I could add two elements like 5+4=9 which is not in S.

Ok, Mr Question Authority. If you prove a theorem about vector spaces and S={1,2,3,4,5} then S is not a vector space. So the theorem doesn't apply to S.

 

[Saladsamurai]

Now now. Don't be miffed. I am not insulting the math gods, I am trying to get clarification from them.

There are a lot of details that are not clear to me when I read the definition of a Vector Space. And I sweat the details. You might not be getting anything out of this conversation, but I can assure you that I am (and I appreciate it).

 

[Dick]

Now now. Don't be miffed. I am not insulting the math gods, I am trying to get clarification from them.

There are a lot of details that are not clear to me when I read the definition of a Vector Space. And I sweat the details. You might not be getting anything out of this conversation, but I can assure you that I am (and I appreciate it).

NIce of you to say. But I am getting miffed. A proof says if A then B. If A isn't true then who cares? You are allowed to assume A. Please do so, before I assume I'm wasting my time here.

 

[Saladsamurai]

I am not sure why you would assume that you are wasting your time. I am asking questions and you are answering them. That's kind of the point, right?

If my questions are a waste of your time, I apologize. But, just as a reminder, at post #8 and then again at #16 I asked if we could detour from the Proof (the OP) and into a discussion on the definition of a Vector space. So when you keep saying that I am "assuming that A is not true" that is only because you have forgotten that I am no longer talking about the original problem. I am talking about the definition of a Vector space.

I am not trying to "prove the premise" (or at least I did not mean try to), I just want to understand the premise fully before I move on.

 

[Saladsamurai]

So. Back to my annoying questions. (this is a continuation of post #20)

If I am given a set S={1,2,3,4,5} and I am told that it is a vector space, then something is flawed here since the sum of many of those elements are not themselves in the set. So what I have I done to cause this conflict.

Does a Vector space have to be infinite to rectify this?

i.e, since from S we could take 5+5=10, then S would have to include 10 to be a vector space...but then the cycle starts again since for example 5+10=15.

 

[snipez90]

Uh, who told you that was a vector space? I don't really understand the problem here. You don't have to know exactly what a vector space is, just that it is a very nice set with lots of properties. The best way for you to understand more about them is to not get obscured by all the details. For now, you should be able to determine when something is or is not a vector space. If a set satisfies the axioms of a vector space, it's a vector space. If not, who cares?

Revisit the definition of a vector space again if you have to. If this is your first encounter with actually proving various things about the axioms of an algebraic structure, you probably need to read the first chapter more than once. But really the initial question involves some basic set theoretical ideas, nothing more.

 

[Dick]

So. Back to my annoying questions. (this is a continuation of post #20)

If I am given a set S={1,2,3,4,5} and I am told that it is a vector space, then something is flawed here since the sum of many of those elements are not themselves in the set. So what I have I done to cause this conflict.

Does a Vector space have to be infinite to rectify this?

i.e, since from S we could take 5+5=10, then S would have to include 10 to be a vector space...but then the cycle starts again since for example 5+10=15.

Ok. Then this is a detour. It has nothing to do with any proof, right? You are just asking why S={1,2,3,4,5} isn't a one dimensional vector space? Over the real numbers as scalars? You'd better write it as S={(1),(2),(3),(4),(5)} to be clear they are vectors. You've already given an answer. It's not closed under addition (among other things, it also doesn't have an additive identity and isn't closed under scalar multiplication). S is pretty far from being something you would call a vector space. Yes, the set would have an infinite number of elements if you extend it to a vector space over the reals. Are you sure this 'example' isn't more confusing than helpful?

 

[Saladsamurai]

Ok. Then this is a detour. It has nothing to do with any proof, right? You are just asking why S={1,2,3,4,5} isn't a one dimensional vector space? Over the real numbers as scalars? You'd better write it as S={(1),(2),(3),(4),(5)} to be clear they are vectors. You've already given an answer. It's not closed under addition (among other things, it also doesn't have an additive identity and isn't closed under scalar multiplication). S is pretty far from being something you would call a vector space. Yes, the set would have an infinite number of elements if you extend it to a vector space over the reals. Are you sure this 'example' isn't more confusing than helpful?

No. I promise it is not. I learn a lot more about what something is by knowing what it isn't. I know that makes it painfully annoying for others, but that is honestly how I learn a lot.

So do ALL vector spaces have to have infinite elements? To avoid the aforementioned case?

Thanks!

 

[JG89]

Is {0} a vector space? Does {0} have an infinite amount of elements?

Also consider finite fields (which are vector spaces over themselves) such as F_p, where if p is any prime, then F_p = {0, 1, 2, ... , p - 2, p -1} with addition mod(p) and multiplication mod(p) (F_p is obviously not closed under the "regular" addition and multiplication of real numbers)

 

[Saladsamurai]

Is {0} a vector space? Does {0} have an infinite amount of elements?

Also consider finite fields (which are vector spaces over themselves) such as F_p, where if p is any prime, then F_p = {0, 1, 2, ... , p - 2, p -1} with addition mod(p) and multiplication mod(p) (F_p is obviously not closed under the "regular" addition and multiplication of real numbers)

Well these are all clearly very special cases. {0} is closed since you will only get (0) no matter what operation is carried out. I don't know anything about that prime field or what "mod()" means...nor do I understand why the field of primes would be finite? But anyway, I do not want to get ahead of myself.

In general, when we are talking about general vector fields that are not a special case, wouldn't they have to be infinite so that all sums and products will be contained in them?

Thanks

 

[CoCoA]

I hope the original poster doesn't mind my suggesting reading one of those books that teaches one how to prove things, basics of set theory, other important ideas used in abstract and proof-oriented math courses. They can provide, in a sense, the "rules of operation". It can be read parallel to reading the L.A. book. I read one of them when I took my first proofs-based course, and many colleges require the math majors to take a course that teaches out of one of them.

 

[CoCoA]

In general, when we are talking about general vector fields that are not a special case, wouldn't they have to be infinite so that all sums and products will be contained in them?

Most of the time in an introductory course, the non-trivial subspaces will be infinite, because they are usually over the filed of Real numbers or Complex numbers, but there are also lots of finite fields and any finite-dimensional vector space over one of those will be finite, so all of its subspaces will be finite also.

 

[Saladsamurai]

I hope the original poster doesn't mind my suggesting reading one of those books that teaches one how to prove things, basics of set theory, other important ideas used in abstract and proof-oriented math courses. They can provide, in a sense, the "rules of operation". It can be read parallel to reading the L.A. book. I read one of them when I took my first proofs-based course, and many colleges require the math majors to take a course that teaches out of one of them.

No not at all. If anyone has any recommendations, by all means suggest away! Like I have said many times in many posts, I don't really know anything about sets, or set theory. My math background is that of an engineer and for some reason I have gotten through all of my math requirements without having seen even these basic symbols like $\in\text{ or }\cap\text{ or }\cup$ so i am having to fill in a lot of the blanks here. (And there are so many )

That's why I have sooooo many annoying questions. Know of any good basic set theory books?

 

[evilpostingmong]

Try downloading a free book in one of the book recommendation sites on this forum.
Look for a discrete math book. I took discrete math last year and learned all
about sets and subsets and such.