Isotropic crystals are those whose physical properties are the same in all directions, while anisotropic crystals have different physical properties depending on the direction in which they are measured.
The arrangement and bonding of atoms in a crystal determine whether it is isotropic or anisotropic. In isotropic crystals, the atoms are arranged in a random pattern, while in anisotropic crystals, the atoms are arranged in a regular pattern that creates differences in physical properties in different directions.
One way to determine if a crystal is isotropic or anisotropic is by using polarized light. An isotropic crystal will not change the polarization of the light passing through it, while an anisotropic crystal will cause the light to split into two beams with different polarizations.
Some examples of isotropic crystals include salt, diamonds, and glass. Anisotropic crystals include quartz, calcite, and tourmaline.
Isotropic and anisotropic crystals have various applications in science and technology. Isotropic crystals are used in optical devices such as lenses, while anisotropic crystals are used in devices that require polarization of light, such as LCD screens. They are also used in geology to identify and study different minerals.