An electric dipole is a pair of equal and opposite charges separated by a small distance. It can also be thought of as a positive charge and a negative charge that are not located at the same point.
An electric dipole experiences a torque (rotational force) when placed in an electric field. This torque causes the dipole to align itself with the direction of the electric field.
The electric dipole moment is a measure of the strength of an electric dipole. It is equal to the product of the magnitude of the charges and the distance between them.
The electric dipole moment is calculated by multiplying the magnitude of one charge by the distance between the charges. It is also often represented by the letter "p" and has units of Coulomb-meters (C⋅m).
Some examples of electric dipoles include water molecules (with the oxygen atom being slightly negative and the hydrogen atoms being slightly positive), magnets, and certain molecules with polar bonds such as carbon dioxide.