Deegres of fredom in thermodynamics

[matematikuvol]

In thermodynamics heat reservoir has a lot deegres of freedom. Can you tell me some examples of that deegres. Thx

 

[Alpha Floor]

I don't understand your question.

In physics the degrees of freedom of a given system are the set of values (called generalized coordinates, usually angles and/or distances) that uniquely determine the state of the system at any given time.

For example, a double pendulum has 2 degrees of freedom because by giving the angles of both pendulums you know exactly the state of your system at that time.

I don't know how to apply this concept (which is esentially a mechanical concept) to the thermodynamics of a heat reservoir. Maybe you're talking about state functions?

 

[vanhees71]

I think matematikuvol refers to precisely the degrees of freedom you have specified, i.e., the microscopic degrees of freedom. In the most simple case you may consider the classical model of a monatomic gas, where a gas is described by a system of very many (noninteracting or at a higher degree of sophtification weakly interacting) point particles.

To specify the micro state of this system uniquely you need to give a point in a 6N-dimensional space. The most elegant way is to use the Hamiltonian formulation of mechanics, and then these 6N degrees of freedom are the 3N components of positions and 3N components of momenta for the particles.

Of course, nobody can ever write down all these phase-space coordinates, let alone calculate their time evolution since $N = \mathcal{O}(10^{24})$. Thus one uses averaged "macroscopic" variables like various densities (particle number, energy density etc.) to describe the most important observables of the system as a whole. This very roughly is the fundamental idea behind statistical physics.

 

[Andrew Mason]

In thermodynamics heat reservoir has a lot deegres of freedom. Can you tell me some examples of that deegres. Thx

Thermodynamics uses "degrees of freedom" in the same sense the term is used in mechanics.

In the kinetic theory of gases "degrees of freedom" refers to the number of mechanical degrees of freedom that a molecule can have.

A monatomic gas can have 3 translational degrees of freedom: ie its motion at any given time is completely defined by its velocity in each of the x, y and z directions.

Diatomic and polyatomic molecules can also have vibrational and rotational degrees of freedom. So in addition to the three translational degrees of freedom they can have rotational and vibrational degrees of freedom. A diatomic atom will have one vibrational and two rotational degrees of freedom. However, for most molecules the vibrational mode will not be active at temperatures less than about 1000K (for reasons having to do with quantum mechanics), so most diatomic gases will have 5 degrees of freedom.

AM

 

[sardar]

Sure, in thermodynamics, degrees of freedom refer to the number of independent variables that can vary in a system without changing its state. In the case of a heat reservoir, it has a large number of degrees of freedom because it can exchange heat with its surroundings without affecting its own temperature. This means that the heat reservoir can absorb or release any amount of heat without changing its state, making it a useful tool in thermodynamic processes. Some examples of degrees of freedom in a heat reservoir could include its volume, pressure, and composition, which can all vary while still maintaining a constant temperature. Additionally, the number of particles in the heat reservoir also contributes to its degrees of freedom, as it can absorb or release heat through the transfer of energy between individual particles. Overall, the high number of degrees of freedom in a heat reservoir allows for efficient and precise control of heat exchange in thermodynamic systems.