Why is knowing the total charge on the conductors enough?

In summary, the electric field on a conductor can be uniquely determined by knowing the total charge and the shape of the conductor, thanks to the uniqueness theorem in electrostatics. This theorem states that there is only one possible solution for the electric field given these two pieces of information, without needing to know the charge distribution.
  • #1
alemsalem
175
5
how do you prove that the electric field is determined uniquely from knowing the total charge on a conductor (just the outline of the proof).

Thanks!
 
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  • #2
how do you prove that the electric field is determined uniquely from knowing the total charge on a conductor (just the outline of the proof).

You don't - you also need the charge distribution.
That will be determined by the properties of the setup.
See Maxwell's equations.
 
  • #3
The net charge on the conductor is enough.
That is the 'uniqueness theorem' tha is proved in most EM texts.
You start with the volume integral of phi grad phi, where phi is the difference of two possible potentials for the same rho (so delsquared phi=0.
Then use the divergence theorem.
 
  • #4
... and here's me thinking that the electric field is stronger near the pointy bits of a charged conductor... requiring knowledge of the shape of the conductor as well as the net charge.

Perhaps there is a context I'm missing?
No doubt you have the right of this question though.
 
  • #5
Simon Bridge said:
... and here's me thinking that the electric field is stronger near the pointy bits of a charged conductor... requiring knowledge of the shape of the conductor as well as the net charge.

Perhaps there is a context I'm missing?
No doubt you have the right of this question though.

Meir Achuz is correct—with the caveat that the OP meant to say "in electrostatics". That may be the context you are missing. That is the context in which the uniqueness theorem is proved, though it is easy to see intuitively: on a conductor, charges are free to move to be moved around by any electric field. Hence, due to their mutual repulsion, they will arrange themselves until they all lie on the conductor's surface and the electric field is everywhere perpendicular to the surface—at which point they can move no further. Of course, the situation is very different in electrodynamics since we don't require the charge distribution to ever have shuffled itself into its lowest energy arrangement. OP, if you want a more detailed explanation, I suggest p.118 of Griffith's "Introduction to Electrodynamics" (3rd ed.)
 
  • #6
thanks i found the proof in Griffiths, I've seen it along time ago and didn't remember where.

the theorem doesn't say that the electrostatic field doesn't depend on the shape of the conductor, it just says given the total elecrtic charge on the conductors there is only one solution.
 
  • #7
Just to be clear I hope everyone agrees that in electrostatics one can know the electric field around a conductor by knowing:

1) Its shape and
2) Its total charge

If not, then I am missing something very important!
 
  • #8
The proposition under consideration was:
the electric field is determined uniquely from knowing the total charge on a conductor
...
consider: the field inside a conductor is zero
we identify the inside from our knowledge of the conductor's shape
if all we know is the total charge, we do not know it's shape
therefore, knowledge of the total charge is not sufficient to determine the electric field everywhere.

Perhaps if we modify the proposition:
the electric field, outside the conductor, is determined uniquely from knowing the total charge on it

But the charges could be moving ... let's try again:
the electrostatic field, outside the conductor, is determined uniquely from knowing the total charge on it

... now we are getting somewhere - as noted the charges are free to move, and will spread themselves over the surface as far apart as they can from each other. This means they will tend to cluster about ridges and corners - so the field lines about a corner will be denser than the field lines elsewhere.
i.e. http://physics.bu.edu/py106/notes/Conductors.html

So the electric field outside a needle of charge Q is not going to be, everywhere, the same as the electric field outside a ball-bearing of charge Q ... or is it?

I think a clear statement about what this particular "uniqueness theorum" is saying would be useful. BTW: it is known by a different name?
 
  • #9
alemsalem said:
the theorem doesn't say that the electrostatic field doesn't depend on the shape of the conductor, it just says given the total elecrtic charge on the conductors there is only one solution.

Yes, sorry, the shape does matter of course. I was responding to your original statement which didn't say anything about not knowing the shape, and it hadn't registered for me that Simon said something different.
 
  • #10
Simon Bridge said:
I think a clear statement about what this particular "uniqueness theorum" is saying would be useful. BTW: it is known by a different name?

The shape does matter. That registered implicitly for me in the OP since I know the theorem, and I didn't realize you had said otherwise. My mistake.

The point is that given the total charge and the shape of the conductor, there is a unique electrostatic solution—you don't need to be told the charge distribution, since there is only one possible.
 
  • #11
No worries.
The OP wording could just have been relying on the context or it could have been due to a misunderstanding. I didn't want to assume ;) Hopefully the question is now answered.
 
  • #12
Yup! thanks!
 

1. Why is it important to know the total charge on conductors?

Knowing the total charge on conductors is important because it helps us understand how electric fields and currents behave in a given system. This information is crucial for designing and optimizing electrical circuits, as well as predicting and controlling the behavior of electrical devices.

2. How is the total charge on conductors determined?

The total charge on conductors is determined by measuring the amount of positive or negative charge present on the surface of the conductor. This can be done using specialized instruments such as an electroscope or by performing calculations based on the properties of the conductor.

3. Can the total charge on conductors change?

Yes, the total charge on conductors can change due to a variety of factors such as the flow of current, contact with other charged objects, or changes in the surrounding electric field. This is why it is important to continuously monitor and control the charge on conductors in electrical systems.

4. Why is knowing the total charge on conductors enough?

The total charge on conductors is enough because it is a fundamental property that determines the behavior of the conductor in an electric field. By knowing the total charge, we can predict how the conductor will interact with other charged objects and how it will behave in a given circuit.

5. How does the total charge on conductors affect electrical properties?

The total charge on conductors directly affects electrical properties such as capacitance, resistance, and conductivity. For example, a higher total charge on a conductor will result in a higher capacitance, which is the ability to store electrical energy. Understanding the total charge is therefore crucial for designing and optimizing electrical systems.

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