Oxidative phosphorylation is the process by which cells generate ATP (adenosine triphosphate) from the breakdown of nutrients such as glucose. This process occurs in the mitochondria and involves a series of chemical reactions that use energy from electron transfer to produce ATP, the primary energy source for cellular processes.
Oxidative phosphorylation involves a series of protein complexes and enzymes that are embedded in the inner membrane of the mitochondria. These complexes and enzymes work together to transfer electrons from molecules such as NADH and FADH2 to oxygen, which creates a proton gradient that drives the production of ATP through a process called chemiosmosis.
Oxygen is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain of oxidative phosphorylation. As electrons are passed down the chain, they ultimately combine with oxygen to form water. This reaction releases a large amount of energy, which is used to drive the production of ATP.
If oxidative phosphorylation is disrupted, cells are unable to produce adequate amounts of ATP, which can lead to a variety of health issues. Mitochondrial diseases, which affect the function of the mitochondria, can disrupt oxidative phosphorylation and lead to symptoms such as muscle weakness, neurological problems, and fatigue.
Oxidative phosphorylation is the final stage of cellular respiration, which is the process by which cells convert nutrients into energy. It follows the other stages of cellular respiration, including glycolysis and the Krebs cycle. Oxidative phosphorylation is responsible for the majority of ATP production in cellular respiration.