Zeeman splitting is a phenomenon where the energy levels of atoms or molecules in a solid material are split into multiple sub-levels in the presence of a magnetic field. This is caused by the interaction between the magnetic field and the spin and orbital motion of the charged particles within the material.
The magnitude of Zeeman splitting depends on several factors, including the strength of the magnetic field, the properties of the material (such as its atomic structure and electron spin), and the orientation of the material with respect to the magnetic field.
Zeeman splitting can cause a splitting of the energy bands in solid materials, resulting in new band structures and electronic states. This can have implications for the material's electrical, magnetic, and optical properties.
Zeeman splitting is a crucial concept in understanding and manipulating the properties of materials for various applications. It is used in technologies such as magnetic storage devices, spintronics, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
Zeeman splitting can be observed through various experimental techniques, such as spectroscopy, where the effect of the magnetic field on the energy levels can be detected through changes in the material's absorption or emission of light. Other methods include magneto-optical microscopy and electron spin resonance spectroscopy.