The process of planet formation, also known as accretion, involves the gradual accumulation of material in a protoplanetary disk around a young star. This material clumps together due to gravity and eventually forms larger and larger objects, eventually leading to the formation of planets.
The time it takes for a planet to form can vary depending on the size of the planet and the environment it is forming in. However, on average, it takes several million years for a planet to form.
Heavy elements, such as iron, nickel, and silicon, are crucial in planet formation. These elements make up the majority of a planet's composition and are responsible for its density and overall structure.
Heavy elements are created through nuclear fusion in the cores of stars. When a star dies and explodes as a supernova, it releases these elements into the universe, which can then be incorporated into new planets.
Scientists study the formation of planets by observing young stars and protoplanetary disks using telescopes and other instruments. They also conduct experiments and simulations to better understand the physical processes involved in planet formation.