Using light to manipulate neurons

In summary, halorhodopsin (NpHR) is a yellow silencer discovered in a bacterium called Natronobacterium pharaonis. When transferred into neurons, it responds to yellow light by silencing the cells. This is related to the work on optogenetics, which was coined by Deisseroth in his paper featured in the HHMI article. This technology could greatly aid in testing the consequences of coupled nonlinear dynamics and determining reasonable parameter ranges for models such as the Morris Lecar model.
  • #1
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neat trick:

http://www.hhmi.org/bulletin/may2010/features/moves3.html

If ChR2 is a blue activator, halorhodopsin (NpHR) is a yellow silencer. It was discovered in Natronobacterium pharaonis, a bacterium isolated from a high-alkaline, high-salt lake in Egypt. In the bacterium, the light-driven NpHR channels pump chloride ions into the cell, a flow that ultimately helps drive the synthesis of ATP, the cell's biochemical fuel. Transferred into neurons, however, these channels respond to yellow light by hyperpolarizing the cells, effectively silencing them.
 
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  • #3
absolutely, we could probably merge the threads.

Deisseroth, who came up with the term optogenetics, was featured along side Lim and Scanziani in the HHMI article I picked this up from.
Here's Deisseroth's original paper:

http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/content/full/26/41/10380
 
  • #4
I'm currently examining the Morris Lecar model, which still seems to have a lot of open parameters in it. It seems this kind of technology would make testing the consequences of the coupled nonlinear dynamics much, much easier and may even provide insight to reasonable parameter ranges.
 
  • #5


Using light to manipulate neurons is a fascinating and innovative technique that has revolutionized the field of neuroscience. The discovery of halorhodopsin (NpHR), a light-driven channel that can pump chloride ions into cells, has provided scientists with a powerful tool to control the activity of neurons.

This technique allows for precise and non-invasive control of neuronal activity, which was previously not possible with traditional methods such as electrical stimulation. Through the use of different light wavelengths, researchers can selectively activate or silence specific neurons, providing valuable insights into their function and role in complex neural networks.

The discovery of NpHR in a bacterium highlights the importance of studying and learning from diverse organisms. This neat trick not only has implications for neuroscience research, but also has the potential for therapeutic applications in treating neurological disorders. By understanding the underlying mechanisms of NpHR, scientists may be able to develop targeted therapies for conditions such as epilepsy or Parkinson's disease.

In conclusion, the use of light to manipulate neurons is an exciting and promising technique that has opened up new avenues in neuroscience research. The ongoing advancements in this field will continue to shed light on the complex workings of the brain and ultimately lead to a better understanding of neurological disorders and potential treatments.
 

1. How does light manipulation of neurons work?

Light manipulation of neurons typically involves using a technique called optogenetics, where light-sensitive proteins are introduced into the neurons. These proteins, called opsins, allow for the control of neuronal activity when exposed to specific wavelengths of light.

2. What are the potential applications of using light to manipulate neurons?

Using light to manipulate neurons has many potential applications, including studying brain circuits and functions, treating neurological disorders, and controlling cellular activity in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.

3. Are there any risks or side effects associated with using light to manipulate neurons?

While optogenetics is a relatively new technique, studies have shown that it is generally safe and well-tolerated. However, some concerns have been raised about potential off-target effects and the need for proper control groups in experiments.

4. What types of light sources can be used for optogenetics?

Lasers, LEDs, and other types of light sources can be used for optogenetics, as long as they emit the appropriate wavelength of light for activating the desired opsin. Some researchers also use fiber optics to deliver light to specific areas of the brain.

5. How is the effectiveness of light manipulation of neurons measured?

The effectiveness of light manipulation of neurons can be measured using various methods, including electrophysiology, calcium imaging, and behavioral assays. These techniques allow researchers to monitor changes in neuronal activity and behavior in response to light stimulation.

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