vkroom said:Interacting Electrons and Quantum Magnetism - Assa Auerbach
is an excellent book to start looking into these objects.
Good Luck
The Hubbard model is a mathematical model used to describe the behavior of interacting particles in a lattice. It was originally proposed by physicist John Hubbard in the 1960s and is commonly used in condensed matter physics to study the electronic properties of materials.
The ground state properties of the Hubbard model refer to the lowest energy state of the system, which is the state that the system will naturally tend towards. These properties include the distribution of particles, their spin orientations, and the overall energy of the system.
The Hubbard model is typically solved using numerical methods, such as exact diagonalization or quantum Monte Carlo simulations. These methods involve solving the equations of motion for the particles in the lattice and calculating their energies at each step.
The Hubbard model has been used to study a wide range of physical systems, including high-temperature superconductors, magnetic materials, and ultracold atomic gases. It has also been applied to other fields such as finance and social sciences.
The Hubbard model is a simplified representation of real-world systems and does not take into account many factors such as disorder, temperature, and external fields. It also assumes that particles interact only with their nearest neighbors, which may not always be the case in real materials. Additionally, the model can be computationally expensive and difficult to solve for large systems.