Photomultiplier Tube - Gain and Secondary Emission

Capacitor value doesn't seem relevant to the discussion. In summary, the conversation discusses the concepts of gain and secondary emission ratio in photomultipliers. The gain is directly related to the number of dynodes and the secondary emission ratio, and can be calculated using the formula G = r^a. The anode current output can also be calculated using the formula Ipeak=G*N*e/t. The capacitor value for each PMT does not seem relevant to the discussion.
  • #1
theuniverse
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I'm studying about photomultipliers right now, but I'm having troubles understanding the concept of gain and secondary emission ratios...

1) Gain : If I were to take a measurement of the output signal produced by photoeletrons and relate it the the high voltage of the PMT, I'd expect a linear relationship since the higher the PMT voltage is the faster it will accelerate the electrons which will cause the cascade at the dynodes to produce even more electrons thus resulting in larger output signals. Would that be correct? Gain = C(HV)^a where C=const. and a=# of dynodes

2) Regarding the secondary emission ratio: defined as the number of secondary electrons produced per one primary electron. So from my understanding this ratio must be also related to the # of dynodes, as well as to gain. Which means that G = r^a where r=emission ratio and a=# of dynodes?

I also noticed that there is also a capacitor value for each PMT, does that relate to the above somehow?

Thanks for your time and help!
 
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  • #2
1) Yes, the fact that the anode current output would be larger with a higher gain would be correct. In fact, you can directly calculate the peak of the anode current output by using the relation Ipeak=G*N*e/t
Where,
G=gain of PMT
N= number of photoelectrons
e= electronic charge
t=width of pulse
However, this will be true only in the linearity range of the PMT. As you go on increasing the gain of the PMT, the anode current will saturate and reach the value of the bleeder current/ voltage divider current.

2)Yes, the relation is correct.

3) Capacitor value for each PMT, or capacitance value for each resistor in the voltage divider network?
 

1. What is a photomultiplier tube and how does it work?

A photomultiplier tube is a highly sensitive device used to detect and measure light. It works by converting light photons into electrical signals through a process called photoemission. This is achieved by using a photocathode, which releases electrons when struck by photons, and a series of electrodes called dynodes, which amplify the number of electrons released. The resulting electrical signal is then measured and amplified to produce an output proportional to the amount of light detected.

2. How is the gain of a photomultiplier tube determined?

The gain of a photomultiplier tube is determined by the number of dynodes in the tube and the voltage applied to each dynode. Generally, the higher the number of dynodes and the higher the voltage applied, the higher the gain of the tube. The gain can also be affected by the type of photocathode used and the wavelength of light being detected.

3. What is secondary emission in a photomultiplier tube?

Secondary emission is the process by which the electrons released from the photocathode strike the dynodes and release more electrons. This amplifies the original signal and increases the gain of the tube. Secondary emission is an important factor in the performance of a photomultiplier tube and can be affected by factors such as the material and shape of the dynodes.

4. Can the gain of a photomultiplier tube be adjusted?

Yes, the gain of a photomultiplier tube can be adjusted by changing the voltage applied to the dynodes. This can be done manually or automatically using a feedback circuit that adjusts the voltage to maintain a constant gain. However, changing the gain can also affect other performance parameters of the tube, such as the dark current and linearity.

5. What are some common applications of photomultiplier tubes?

Photomultiplier tubes are used in a wide range of applications that require high sensitivity and low noise detection of light. Some common applications include particle detection in physics experiments, scintillation counters in medical imaging, and light measurement in spectroscopy and environmental monitoring. They are also used in night vision devices, photomultiplier tube-based cameras, and light detection and ranging (LIDAR) systems.

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