Why does an open ended column reflect sound?

In summary, sound waves traveling down a column that is open at one end can be reflected due to an impedance mismatch, resulting in pressure variations and echoes. The only way to prevent this is to extend the pipe or have the same conditions at the open end.
  • #1
BigMacnFries
I am reading about how sound waves traveling down a column that is open at one end (clarinet, vocal tract etc). Apparently when they reach the open end some are reflected and interfere constructively or destructivly with subsequent waves in the column. My question is why are the sound waves reflected at all at the end of the column, its not like there is a thick solid to bounce against.
Thanks
 
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  • #2
In effect there is an impedance mismatch at the end of the column. Basically, it means that the pressure variations at the end of the column end up pushing and pulling a noticeably larger mass of air.
 
  • #3
Can you please explain more, I don't understand. Thanks
 
  • #5
BigMacnFries said:
Can you please explain more, I don't understand. Thanks

Whenever the pipe changes shape or ends, the pressue and velocity ratio
of the moving gass changes. At such a change there will always be
some energy reflected backward. In free space this is how radars work,
and in pipes this is why you hear strange echoes from very long pipes.

The only way to prevent a reflection is to have the open end presented
with the same conditions as occurr when you place another identical pipe
to the end, i.e. extending the pipe.
 
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  • #6
Link was excellent, thanks Tide
 

1. Why does sound reflect off of open ended columns?

Sound reflects off of open ended columns because of the phenomenon known as resonance. When sound waves enter an open ended column, they bounce back and forth between the two ends, creating a standing wave. This standing wave amplifies certain frequencies, making them more audible to our ears.

2. How does the length of the column affect the reflection of sound?

The length of an open ended column directly affects the wavelength of the sound waves that can be reflected. The longer the column, the longer the wavelength, and therefore, the lower the frequency that can be reflected. This is why long open ended columns, such as organ pipes, produce lower pitched sounds compared to shorter columns.

3. Can sound waves be completely absorbed by an open ended column?

No, sound waves cannot be completely absorbed by an open ended column. Due to the nature of resonance, there will always be some reflection of sound waves off of the column. However, the amount of reflection can be reduced by adding sound-absorbing materials, such as foam or insulation, to the inside of the column.

4. Why does an open ended column only reflect certain frequencies?

As mentioned earlier, an open ended column amplifies certain frequencies due to resonance. This is because the length of the column determines which wavelengths will fit perfectly between the two ends, allowing for constructive interference and amplification. Other frequencies will not fit as perfectly and will experience destructive interference, resulting in a weaker reflection.

5. Can sound waves be reflected off of a closed ended column?

Yes, sound waves can be reflected off of closed ended columns as well. However, the reflection process is different compared to open ended columns. In closed ended columns, sound waves reflect off of the closed end and create a node at that point. The length of the column still affects the frequencies that can be reflected, but in a different manner compared to open ended columns.

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