The formula for calculating normal force (Fnormal) is Fnormal = mg, where m is the mass of the object and g is the acceleration due to gravity (9.8 m/s2).
The formula for calculating gravitational force (Fg) is Fg = Gm1m2/r2, where G is the gravitational constant (6.67 x 10-11 Nm2/kg2), m1 and m2 are the masses of the two objects, and r is the distance between their centers of mass.
The formula for calculating frictional force (Ffriction) is Ffriction = μFnormal, where μ is the coefficient of friction and Fnormal is the normal force.
The formula for calculating applied force (Fapplied) is Fapplied = ma, where m is the mass of the object and a is the acceleration caused by the applied force.
Static friction is the force that resists the movement of two objects that are not moving relative to each other, while kinetic friction is the force that resists the movement of two objects that are already in motion. The coefficient of static friction (μs) is typically greater than the coefficient of kinetic friction (μk).