Sorry, I don't remember off hand what the calculation is, but it's the sort of back-of-the-envelope calculation you can do to get a first blush estimate of big bang nucleosynthesis. Most cosmology texts should have the calculation.electerr said:As I understand it, it can be calculated that 1 minute after the big bang, when protons and neutrons freeze out and are no longer being created, that for every neutron that exists there are 7 protons. Does anyone know what equation is used to calculate this and if it is not a equation that is used what is the reasoning used to get this number?
Thanks for the help!
Chronos said:More importantly, neutrons cannot exist in a 'free' state for more than about 7 minutes. Why just 7 minutes is an interesting question.
Yeah, so, it's definitely not as simple as considering the Friedmann equation. That's only part of it. You have to consider the interplay between the weak force interaction rate (that converts protons to neutrons) and the expansion rate. I'm having difficulties finding a website, but I finally decided to look for the cosmology text I had been thinking of online. See here. It's only a preview, so you don't get the whole thing. But it looks like the essential pieces of the mathematics are there in pages 66-68. It may also be good to start with the introduction to nucleosynthesis on 62-63.electerr said:I thought the neutron's decay time is more like 15 minutes.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron#Stability_and_beta_decay
Maybe your hinting that the decay time is slower at such high temps as there was during BBN...?
At the end of BBN, without neutron decay, I think it is calculated that the neutron/proton ratio is 1/6 but with neutron decay it becomes 1/7. I still have no idea what calculation that is used to conclude this though. I know many estimatinons concerning BBN stem from the Friedmann equation which is most likley used to calculate the energy density at BBN but how the ratio is calculated I am still not sure of... Anyone else have any info?
Generally it means that there's not enough thermal energy around to excite that sort of activity. For example, water freezes when the rate for water molecules to accumulate in the crystal is higher than for them to be freed from it, which occurs when the amount of thermal energy available drops below a certain level. So, this would be a type of freeze-out (and is why freeze-out goes by this name).elzem said:could you explain me what freeze-out means?
Proton/neutron freeze out refers to the point in the evolution of the universe where the temperature drops below a certain threshold, causing protons and neutrons to combine and form atomic nuclei.
Proton/neutron freeze out occurs due to the rapid expansion of the universe, which causes the temperature to decrease. As the temperature drops, the strong nuclear force becomes stronger than the electromagnetic force, causing protons and neutrons to bind together and form atomic nuclei.
The exact timing of proton/neutron freeze out is uncertain, but it is estimated to have occurred about one second after the Big Bang. At this point, the temperature of the universe was around 10 billion degrees Celsius.
Proton/neutron freeze out is a crucial event in the early universe, as it marks the transition from a plasma of quarks and gluons to a gas of protons, neutrons, and electrons. This allowed for the formation of atoms and eventually led to the formation of stars and galaxies.
Proton/neutron freeze out is a key step in the process of nucleosynthesis, which is the formation of elements in the early universe. During this process, protons and neutrons combine to form the nuclei of elements such as hydrogen, helium, and lithium. These elements eventually go on to form more complex elements through processes such as fusion in stars.