What Happens to Electrons in a Long Wire with Rapid Voltage Changes?

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Discussion Overview

The discussion explores the behavior of electrons in a long wire subjected to rapid voltage changes, particularly focusing on the propagation of electromagnetic fields and the resulting current flow. It considers both theoretical implications and practical scenarios, including the effects of wire length and configuration.

Discussion Character

  • Exploratory
  • Technical explanation
  • Conceptual clarification

Main Points Raised

  • One participant questions the net current in a long wire when alternating voltages are applied at either end, suggesting a potential for zero net current due to the propagation delay of electromagnetic fields.
  • Another participant explains that the change in the electromagnetic field will take time to propagate through the wire, indicating that no current flows until this change has reached the other end.
  • A follow-up question arises about whether the electromagnetic field would "cancel out" under these conditions.
  • It is proposed that continually changing potentials at each end of the wire would create waves propagating in both directions, with complex potential changes occurring throughout the wire.
  • A participant suggests that curling the wire into a solenoid could lead to oscillating fields within, influenced by the changing electromagnetic waves.
  • Another participant notes the difficulty in analyzing such scenarios, emphasizing that uniform current flow assumptions break down in extremely long wires due to propagation delays.
  • A final inquiry considers whether similar effects could be achieved with shorter wires or coils through very rapid voltage changes, questioning the feasibility of such experiments.

Areas of Agreement / Disagreement

Participants express various viewpoints on the behavior of electrons and current flow in long wires, with no consensus reached on the implications of rapidly changing voltages or the feasibility of similar effects in shorter wires.

Contextual Notes

The discussion highlights limitations related to assumptions about uniform electric fields and current flow in long wires, as well as the complexities introduced by rapid voltage changes.

dashkin111
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What would happen if say, there was a really long wire.. say 186,000 miles or so long. You apply a voltage on one end, and on the opposite end less than a second later you apply another voltage. And you keep going back and forth. Would the net current effectively be zero? How would the electrons behave qualitatively?

I'm just curios.
 
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The change you introduce in the electromagnetic field at one end of the wire (which motivated electrons to move through the wire) will take about one second to propagate to the other end of the wire.

No current flows through the wire as a whole until the change in the electric field has propagated its entire length.

- Warren
 
So the electromagnetic field as a whole would "cancel out"?
 
If you continually change the potentials at each end of the wire, you'll get waves which propagate down the wire in both directions. The potential will be changing at every point in the wire over time in a complex way that depends on exactly how you're changing the potentials at the ends.

- Warren
 
Interesting... and I'm guessing if I curled it up into a big solenoid the field through the middle would move back and forth with the changing e&m waves?
 
That's correct, but it would be hard to analyze. One of the assumptions made about wires that aren't light-years in length is that current flows equally through any cross-section. This is only true, of course, when the electric field is uniform throughout the wire's length. When the wire is astronomically long, the electric field takes significant time to propagate through it, and the current will not be the same in every cross-section.

- Warren
 
Cool, but do suppose you could get a similar effect with a shorter wire/coil by rapidly(VERY rapidly) changing the voltages at each end, or would that be unrealistic to ever attempt?
 

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