## Schwarzschild Metric: The Sun

In 1916 Schwarzschild wrote down his famous metric to solve (or re-solve using a polar coordinate system) the precession of the perihelion of Mercury. The curvature of spacetime described by the Metric is for any non-rotating spherically symmetric mass.

$$ds^2 = -(1-\frac{2M}{r})dt^2 + (1-\frac{2M}{r})^{-1}dr^2 + r^2(d\theta^2+sin^2\theta d\phi^2)$$

Does this imply there is a black hole at the center of the Sun, the Earth etc?
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 Recognitions: Homework Help Nope. That Schwarzschild metric only applies outside a solid body - there's a different metric that describes the inside of the Sun or Earth.
 Is the different metric just the Newtonian one?

## Schwarzschild Metric: The Sun

Interior Schwarzschild solution:
http://www.physicsforums.com/showthr...02#post1543402
 The interior solution according to George Jones: $$d\tau^{2}=\left( \frac{3}{2}\sqrt{1-\frac{2M}{R}}-\frac{1}{2}\sqrt{1-\frac{2Mr^{2}}{R^{3}}}\right) ^{2}dt^{2}-\left( 1-\frac{2Mr^{2}}{R^{3}}\right) ^{-1}dr^{2}-r^{2}\left( d\theta ^{2}+\sin ^{2}\theta d\phi ^{2}\right)$$ I note that in addition to the singularity at $$R=2M$$ there is a new singularity at $$r^2=R^3$$ and the expression goes complex when $$r^2 > R^3$$ I assume that this means that the interior solution line integral predicts a nasty end for an astronaut at a height of $$\sqrt{(6371000^3)} - 6371000$$ = 16 million kilometers from the surface of the Earth (I'm being facetious) Can I ask how the interior Schwarzschild solution was derived? (Not by Schwarzschild, obviously)

Mentor
 Quote by DiamondGeezer Can I ask how the interior Schwarzschild solution was derived? (Not by Schwarzschild, obviously)
Yes, this solution was found originally by Schwarzschild. It represents a constant density perfect fluid that is spherically symmetric. Derivation of this solution are given in, for example,

General Relativity: An Introduction for Physicists by Hobson, Efstathiou, and Lasenby

Gravitation by Misner, Thorne, and Wheeler.

$r = R$ represents the surface of the spherical body. If

$$R > 2M \frac{9}{8},$$

then the solution has no singularities. At

$$R = 2M \frac{9}{8},$$

the solution develops a pressure singularity at its centre.

This solution is an "almost realistic" toy model for a spherical body.
 George How can a fluid sphere have a constant density? Isn't that a tad unrealistic?

Mentor
 Quote by DiamondGeezer George How can a fluid sphere have a constant density? Isn't that a tad unrealistic?
Of course it is a tad unrealistic. Notice that I said that the soultion is almost realistic, and I enclosed the words in scare quotes. For spherically bodies made from perfect fluids, Einstein's equation reduces to a coupled pair of first-order ordinary differential equations,

$$\frac{dm}{dr} \left( r \right) = 4 \pi r^2 \rho (r)$$

and the Oppenheimer-Volkoff equation (12.21) from the link below. For the case of constant density, this coupled pair of differential equations has an exact solution. For more realistic cases, the existence and uniqueness theorems for differential equations guarantee that a solutions still exist, but, unfortunately, solutions can not be written down in terms of elementary or standard special functions. As is the case for realistic treatments of many areas of physics, numerical methods must be used. See the paragraph on page 293 starting with "The closed system of three equations ..."

Even more realistic treatments ditch spherical symmetry (e.g., axisymmetric rotating stars) and consider material other than perfect fluids.
 Sorry for the thread necromancy, but what about the other singularity that diamond pointed out? The r^2 = R^3 (as it happens i recently ran face first into that rather annoying singularity myself so i'm interested as to its properties). Is there a known coordinate transformation that removes it? I can't see any reason why it would be a physical singularity... Also in the interior metric given, shouldn't the mass term in the radial coefficient be m(r) not M? Cheers -G EDIT: Just read the theorem here: http://books.google.ca/books?id=xma1...age&q=&f=false I suppose this answers some questions about the pressure singularity, but thats not the same as the one diamond pointed out right? I mean the physical location of that one depends strongly on if R>1 or R<1

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 Quote by FunkyDwarf Sorry for the thread necromancy, but what about the other singularity that diamond pointed out? The r^2 = R^3 (as it happens i recently ran face first into that rather annoying singularity myself so i'm interested as to its properties). Is there a known coordinate transformation that removes it? I can't see any reason why it would be a physical singularity...
If r^2 >= R^3 then r > R and you are outside the body and the interior solution does not apply and you should be using the exterior (regular) Schwarzschild solution.

If you are still interested in discussing the case for non uniform density distribution of M(r) then just ask. I studied this topic a while back.

P.S. What we should be concerned with is the case when 2M*r^2>=R^3. I will need to think about that when I am less tired.

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 Quote by FunkyDwarf ... what about the other singularity that diamond pointed out? The r^2 = R^3 (as it happens i recently ran face first into that rather annoying singularity myself so i'm interested as to its properties). Is there a known coordinate transformation that removes it? I can't see any reason why it would be a physical singularity...
 Quote by kev P.S. What we should be concerned with is the case when 2M*r^2>=R^3. I will need to think about that when I am less tired.
Let us consider the clock of a stationary observer so [itex] dr^{2} = r^{2}\left( d\theta ^{2}+\sin ^{2}\theta d\phi ^{2}\right) = 0[/atex] so that the interior solution can be simplified to:

$$\frac{d\tau}{dt}= \frac{3}{2}\sqrt{1-\frac{2M}{R}}-\frac{1}{2}\sqrt{1-\frac{2Mr^{2}}{R^{3}}}$$

By setting the quantity dtau/dt to zero, I can solve for r to find the location of the singularity and obtain:

$$r = \pm R \sqrt{9-\frac{4R}{M}}$$

which is unique if we only consider positive values of r.
There are not two separate singularites at R=2M and r^2=R^3 as conjectured by Diamond.

Now if we plug in R = (9/8)Rs = 9M/4 the singularity is at r=0 as expected.

For R = 2M the singularity has moved out to r = 2M and what is surprising is that for r<2M the ratio of proper time rate to coordinate time rate (dtau/dt) is negative and real . In other words proper time is running in the opposite direction to the coordinate time for a stationary observer inside the the boundary of the massive body.

Even more interestingly when R=M (ie the body has collapsed to a physical radius less than the Shwarschild radius) the interior solution predicts there is no singularity or imaginary or complex values for (dtau/dt) according to a stationary observer inside the collapsing body, but the singularity at r=2m remains because the exterior Schwarzschild solution is valid in that region.
 Quote by FunkyDwarf Also in the interior metric given, shouldn't the mass term in the radial coefficient be m(r) not M?
The above conclusios assume a unform density distribution but it reasonable to assume that is unphysical. A more realistic aproximation is that density increases towards the centre.

Now the original equation with average density (d) explicity stated is:

$$\frac{d\tau}{dt}= \frac{3}{2}\sqrt{1-\frac{2M}{R}}-\frac{1}{2}\sqrt{1-\frac{2M^{2}}{r}\frac{4/3 \pi r^3 d}{4/3 \pi R^3 d}}$$

After cancelations it is easy to see the above equation reduces to the familar form at the top of this post.

Now if we set density as function d(r) of radius so that d(r) = d/r which is a bit more realistic, then the ratio of the enclosed mass to the total mass of the is proportional to r^2/R^3 rather than r^3/R^3 for the uniform density case and the equation becomes:

$$\frac{d\tau}{dt}= \frac{3}{2}\sqrt{1-\frac{2M}{R}}-\frac{1}{2}\sqrt{1-\frac{2Mr}{R^{3}}}$$

Solving this for r when dtau/dt=0 gives the location of the singularity as:

$$r = R^2 \left(9-\frac{4R}{M}\right)$$

Using this slightly more realistic equation (density increasing towards infinite going towards the centre) we can see that a singularity still occurs ar r=0 when R=9/8(2M).
 Hey kev, Cheers for the replies! Your point about the reversal of proper time is familiar, i remember reading a paper where someone wanted to re-define the event horizon (or perhaps invent a new one) as the point where this switch occurs. Next question :) Given that the singularity is of pressure, a scalar, you can't do a coordinate transform to get rid of it. So, either I need a new density profile that doesn't give rise to this which means solving the tolman-oppenheimer-volkov equation (which i've tried and not fared very well so far but i think that's because i've no idea what i'm doing really) or a different interior solution. In terms of the latter i have found these papers: http://www.jstor.org/stable/78530 http://www.springerlink.com/content/w568765vt481871r/ The second is a comment on the first essentially doing some more checks to make sure its viable, where the first gives a new interior schwarszchild solution that, alledgedly, does not have a pressure singularity even for constant density (the physical viability of this is somewhat dubious to me but anyway). It all seems very good but in the first paper in eqn 1.3 i am unsure as to the difference between R and a. He defines a as the radius of the region bounding the mass, which surely is the radius of the object which is normally R? EDIT: Oops i'm retarded, think i got it now :) Still: would appreciate comments on that metric Cheers -G

Recognitions:
 Quote by FunkyDwarf Cheers for the replies! Your point about the reversal of proper time is familiar, i remember reading a paper where someone wanted to re-define the event horizon (or perhaps invent a new one) as the point where this switch occurs.
That switch is only when you compare proper time to coordinate time in Schwarzschild coordinates though, if you use a different coordinate system no such switch occurs at the horizon.

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 Quote by FunkyDwarf Hey kev, Cheers for the replies!
 Quote by FunkyDwarf Your point about the reversal of proper time is familiar, i remember reading a paper where someone wanted to re-define the event horizon (or perhaps invent a new one) as the point where this switch occurs.
It is important to note that in the regular Schwarzschild metric the proper time of a stationary clock below the event horizon is imaginary relative to an observer outside the event horizon. (The interpretation is that a clock can not remain spatially stationary below the event horizon.) As Jesse points out this apparent "switch" across the event horizon is not visible in the coordinates of a free falling observer. The situation is different in the interior Schwarschild solution, where the proper time rate of a stationary clock below the singularity remains real, relative to the clock of an observer above the singularity but runs in the reverse direction.

 Quote by FunkyDwarf .... In terms of the latter i have found these papers: http://www.jstor.org/stable/78530 ...... It all seems very good but in the first paper in eqn 1.3 i am unsure as to the difference between R and a. He defines a as the radius of the region bounding the mass, which surely is the radius of the object which is normally R? EDIT: Oops i'm retarded, think i got it now :) Still: would appreciate comments on that metric
The equation they give is meant to be the classic Schwarzschild solution, equivalent to the one given by George earlier in this thread. (The new solution is not visible in the introduction of the paper.)

By considering a stationary event, as in my last post the interior solution in the paper simplifies to:

$$\frac{d\tau}{dt}= \frac{3}{2}\sqrt{1-\frac{a^2}{R_*^2}}-\frac{1}{2}\sqrt{1-\frac{r^{2}}{R_*^{2}}$$

By comparing their equation to the one given by George, it is fairly easy to work out that $$a = R$$ and $$R_*^2 = R^3/2M$$.
If we wish to equate $$R_*$$ with $$R$$ then the equation is only valid for a massive body has a physical surface ar R=2M and if the observer is located exactly at the event horizon, but that limits the general application of the equation. This is a bit wierd and it would make the clarity of the rest of the article a bit hard to follow.

 and if the obserser is located exactly at the event horizon
Sorry if i'm missing something trivial here, but why must this be true? I'm not too concerned about the singularity at R = 2M, but I definitely want the solution to be valid for external observers.

If it isn't and thus as you say i'm then not interested in this solution, what do you suggest for an approach to find an interior solution that does not have this pressure singularity? I've had great trouble finding/solving for one although i understand it can be done numerically but i'd rather not resort to that (I wish to take limits).

cheers
-G

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 Quote by FunkyDwarf Sorry if i'm missing something trivial here, but why must this be true? I'm not too concerned about the singularity at R = 2M, but I definitely want the solution to be valid for external observers.
I was just saying if you want to read $$R_*$$ in their equation as $$R$$ in George's equation, then that is only valid if the clock is at R=2M. The best thing to do is substitute $$R=a$$ and $$R^3/2M= R_*^2$$ in their equation and read it as the normal interior equation. To see their new equation try and obtain a copy of the full paper at a library.

As far as being valid for external observers you have to superimpose the exterior solution on the interior solution. Work out the clock rate for r<R relative to a clock at the surface of the body (at R) infinity using the interior solution and then work out the the clock rate r>R relative to a clock at the surface (R) infinity using the exterior solution and you can obtain a comparison of clock rates above and below the surface of the body.

 Quote by FunkyDwarf If it isn't and thus as you say i'm then not interested in this solution, what do you suggest for an approach to find an interior solution that does not have this pressure singularity? I've had great trouble finding/solving for one although i understand it can be done numerically but i'd rather not resort to that (I wish to take limits).
Has it occured to you that the pressure singularity inside the solid body might be physical and not removable by a change of coordinates?

 Tags schwarzschild metric, sun