## Open, Closed, or neither?

Question 1

Let $\mathcal{H} = \mathbb{C}^k$, where $\mathcal{H}$ is a Hilbert space. Then let

$$S = \left\{x : \sum_{i=1}^{k} |x_i| \leq 1 \right\}$$

be a subset of $\mathcal{H}$. Is the subset $S$ open, closed or neither?

Question 2

Let $\mathcal{H} = \mathbb{C}$. Then let

$$S = \left\{\frac{1}{n} : n\in \mathbb{N}\right\}$$

be a subset of $\mathcal{H}$. Is the subset $S$ open, closed or neither?

Question 3

Let $\mathcal{H} = \mathbb{C}^2$. Then let

$$S = \left\{(z,0) : z\in \mathbb{C}\right\}$$

be a subset of $\mathcal{H}$. Is the subset $S$ open, closed or neither?

Question 4

Let $\mathcal{H} = l^2$. Then let

$$S = \left\{x : \sum_{i=1}^{\infty} |x_i|^2 < 1\right\}$$

be a subset of $\mathcal{H}$. Is the subset $S$ open, closed or neither?

Question 5

Let $\mathcal{H} = L^2([0,1])$. Then let

$$S = \left\{f : f(t) \neq 0 \, \forall \, t \in [0,1]\right\}$$

be a subset of $\mathcal{H}$. Is the subset $S$ open, closed or neither?
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 Solution 1 Intuitively, this set is closed because it contains its own boundary.
 Solution 2 We can write out the subset as $$S=\{1, \frac{1}{2}, \frac{1}{3}, \frac{1}{4}, \dots \}$$ In set notation... $$S = (0,1]$$ That is, S is neither open nor closed.

## Open, Closed, or neither?

Solution 3

Since $(z,0) = 0 \, \forall \, z \in \mathbb{C}$, then S is closed since the complement is open. ie since

$$\mathbb{C}^2 \backslash \left(S = \{0\}\right)$$ is open.

Recognitions:
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Staff Emeritus
 Quote by Oxymoron Solution 2 We can write out the subset as $$S=\{1, \frac{1}{2}, \frac{1}{3}, \frac{1}{4}, \dots \}$$ In set notation... $$S = (0,1]$$ That is, S is neither open nor closed.
??? I would interpret (0, 1] as the set of all real numbers between 0 and 1 (including 1 but not 0) not S.

Of course, it is true that the set is neither open nor closed. It is not open because a neighborhood of 1/n, a disk in the complex plane centered on 1/n will contain numbers not in the set. It is not closed because the sequence has limit point 0 which is not in the set. (If 0 were included, the set would be closed.)

Recognitions:
Gold Member
Staff Emeritus
 Quote by Oxymoron Solution 3 Since $(z,0) = 0 \, \forall \, z \in \mathbb{C}$, then S is closed since the complement is open. ie since $$\mathbb{C}^2 \backslash \left(S = \{0\}\right)$$ is open.
I may be misunderstanding your notation. It is true that S is closed because the complement of S is open.
But I don't understand your saying (z, 0)= 0 . (z, 0) (for all complex z) is topologically equivalent to the complex plane in the same way that the x-axis, y= 0 (all points (x, 0)), is topologically equivalent to the real line.

And I really don't understand what you mean by $$\mathbb{C}^2 \backslash \left(S = \{0\}\right)$$. What could S= {0} mean?

 ??? I would interpret (0, 1] as the set of all real numbers between 0 and 1 (including 1 but not 0) not S.
Ha. I dont know what I was talking about ??? You are right of course, and what you wrote is exactly what I was thinking...

 I may be misunderstanding your notation. It is true that S is closed because the complement of S is open. But I don't understand your saying (z, 0)= 0 . (z, 0) (for all complex z) is topologically equivalent to the complex plane in the same way that the x-axis, y= 0 (all points (x, 0)), is topologically equivalent to the real line.
I see. I wasnt sure what was meant by (z,0) - but from what you wrote I would guess that what the question means. I suppose I had a lucky guess then!?

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