# Is String Theory A Waste Of Time?

by Juan R.
Tags: string, theory, time, waste
P: 1,308
 Quote by marcus The most common meaning of B.I. is that you start with a manifold without a metric. ... the metric, or geometry, can be totally freeform and it is determined dynamically by interaction with matter through the equation of the model.
Interesting! If there are no particles, then it becomes impossible to say how far apart things are; there are no reference points to say how far apart things are with respect to. It becomes completely meaningless to say how far apart things are if there are no things between which to measure. So it seems, no particles, no metric. The laws of physics before particles seems to be totally invariant with whatever metric one might impose or imagine. Particles seem to arise with the emergence of a metric. The particle characteristics derive from various kinds of symmetry which are only describable with a metric. So... no metric, no particles.

So the question becomes, how did particle and/or the metric come into existence to begin with? How was the initial total symmetry broken? Did the metric have to start out with zero distance between particles? I'm sure without a metric to start with, we have to rely on topological characteristics to answer how a metric came to be.
 Emeritus Sci Advisor PF Gold P: 16,092 At least once you have a C1 manifold, there's a unique way to turn it into a C∞ manifold.
Emeritus
PF Gold
P: 16,092
 Interesting! If there are no particles, then it becomes impossible to say how how far apart things are; there are no reference points to say how far apart things are with respect to.
The presence or lack of particles has no bearing upon whether the metric exists.

What you're touching upon is the problem of measurement.

 The laws of physics before particles seems to be totally invariant with whatever metric one might impose or imagine.
Yes and no... the equations themselves are invariant, but they often take the metric as a parameter.

In fact, the metric isn't even fundamental -- General Relativity can be reformulated without any reference to a metric. (At least if I understand correctly)
P: 1,308
 Quote by Hurkyl The presence or lack of particles has no bearing upon whether the metric exists.
I'm not sure what epoc of cosmology you are referring to when there was curved spacetime before particles existed.

As I recall, it requires matter to produce curved space in Einstein's eq.

Perhaps you are refering to massive particles only?

I'm trying to imagine what measure one would use when there are no objects to measure with respect to, or no center, or no edge. It would seem one measure would be just as effective an any other.
Astronomy
PF Gold
P: 23,117
 Quote by Hurkyl -- General Relativity can be reformulated without any reference to a metric. (At least if I understand correctly)
you understand correctly. I would just say that I've never heard anyone say that the metric formulation is any less fundamental than some other formulation (e.g. Sen-Ashtekar variables)

I think one can argue that neither is more fundamental they are just different ways. Maybe other people have differing views on this.

Thiemann's postdoc Bianca Dittrich (one of the strongest LQG researchers now) just posted a paper in which she chose to work with the metric instead of the connection formulation (Ashtekar style). Several others have made this choice also in some if not all of their recent papers (Reuter, Husain, Winkler, Modesto). So the metric continues in use in quantum gravity and there seems no clear choice for the moment.

Dittrich's paper was
http://www.arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/0507106
Partial and Complete Observables for Canonical General Relativity
B. Dittrich
33 pages
"In this work we will consider the concepts of partial and complete observables for canonical general relativity. These concepts provide a method to calculate Dirac observables. The central result of this work is that one can compute Dirac observables for general relativity by dealing with just one constraint. For this we have to introduce spatial diffeomorphism invariant Hamiltonian constraints. It will turn out that these can be made to be Abelian. Furthermore the methods outlined here provide a connection between observables in the space--time picture, i.e. quantities invariant under space--time diffeomorphisms, and Dirac observables in the canonical picture."
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P: 1,204
 Quote by marcus All the possible DEE-EXES, and when you think calmly and patiently about this for a while you realize that this collection of all possible dee-exes IS the tangent space. it captures the essence of what we want the tangentspace at any give point to do for us. and it is intrinsic (defined without reference to anything surrounding the manifold) this is a fundamental Idea of Western Civilization, like the freedom of the individual and the rule of law etc. this is the Idea of the Continuum which has been standard for 150 years. ... This is VERY DIFFERENT FROM perturbative STRING THEORY where they start with a manifold that already has a prior-chosen metric defined on it. Having a prior chosen metric lets you define the twangy equation by which the little thangs be vibratin'. Without that prior metric you got nothing to start with, stringywise.
I think that the problem with defining geometry through the tangent vectors of the underlying manifold is the unusual symmetry breaking observed in the standard model. The conventional solution to this problem is to retain the assumption that space-time possesses, for example, left / right symmetry, but that the vacuum does not.

However, if you build up geometry from the tangent spaces of the points of the manifold, then you can arrange for the symmetry breaking to occur in space-time itself. This is a modification of the ideas of David Hestenes with the Geometric Algebra.

The GA takes the tangent vectors of the manifold and uses them as the generators of a Clifford algebra. The signature of the Clifford algebra is typically taken to be (-+++) or (+---); this is a feature that doesn't show up in the manifold but has to be added.

Anyway, if you begin with the GA, you end up with same symmetry that the usual version of space-time possesses, but it is possible to generalize the relationship between the tangent vectors and the Clifford algebra in a manner that reproduces the symmetry breaking that distinguishes between the symmetry of space-time and the symmetry of the observed vacuum.

Carl
Astronomy
PF Gold
P: 23,117
 Quote by CarlB ... GA takes the tangent vectors of the manifold and uses them as the generators of a Clifford algebra. The signature of the Clifford algebra is typically taken to be (-+++) or (+---); this is a feature that doesn't show up in the manifold but has to be added. ...
Hi Carl, the original question that Randall asked was about background independence

what I want to focus attention on here is WHAT CAN YOU DO WITH NO PRIOR METRIC?

so there is no bilinear form on the tangent space at a point.

(when you talk about "signature" you are assuming some bilinear form on the tangent space, I want to stop well before that point and look around)

the B.I. viewpoint is all you have is the manifold----a continuum without prior assumed geometry----and then the gravitational field arises dynamically AS the geometry.

So we are going in opposite directions here: you are looking for more prior structure (which could be mathematically very nifty, like Clifford algebras) and I want to illustrate (in case anyone is interested in Background Independence) what it looks like with LESS prior structure.

The various non-string QG approaches tend to be built on a manifold WITHOUT metric, or to have even less structure.

For example in Loll CDT Triangulations YOU DON'T EVEN ASSUME THAT THE CONTINUUM IS A MANIFOLD. You just approximate it, in a certain sense, by manifolds. And of course there is no prior metric and no Clifford algebra or any of that stuff.

Background Independent means "no frills"
you try to assume as little as possible to get started with
and the surprise is when something we associate with familiar macroscopic space EMERGES.

Like 4D dimensionality, as reported here:
http://arxiv.org/hep-th/0404156

this is one of the articles I gave links to some 8 or 9 posts back. Maybe I should bring up that list of links.
Astronomy
PF Gold
P: 23,117
It is really remarkable, Carl. They dont even put in that space is supposed to be 4D and it COMES OUT THAT WAY at macroscopic scale, although at very short range the spectral dimension measured by diffusion processes comes out less. Carl I think you have read some CDT--weren't we discussing that in the "Introduction" thread? But in case anyone else is reading along with us I will bring up that list of CDT links from a few posts back

 my idea of a really background independent nonperturbative approach to QG is Loll triangulations path integral. I will get some links http://arxiv.org/hep-th/0404156 Emergence of a 4D World from Causal Quantum Gravity http://arxiv.org/hep-th/0505154 Reconstructing the Universe http://arxiv.org/hep-th/0505113 Spectral Dimension of the Universe http://arxiv.org/hep-th/0411152 Semiclassical Universe from First Principles more here http://arxiv.org/find/grp_physics/1/.../0/1/0/all/0/1 Eventually I hope to see some string theorists implement a version of string theory on the Loll CDT spacetime as a foundation. (rather than on their usual kind of manifold) .
 Sci Advisor PF Gold P: 9,384 Ouch. I am amazed that background independence is somehow irrelevant. It seems a difficult and awkward position from which to propose a 'theory of everything'.
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P: 1,204
 Quote by marcus Hi Carl, the original question that Randall asked was about background independence what I want to focus attention on here is WHAT CAN YOU DO WITH NO PRIOR METRIC? so there is no bilinear form on the tangent space at a point. (when you talk about "signature" you are assuming some bilinear form on the tangent space, I want to stop well before that point and look around).
When you require a mixed signature, I agree with you, that is, I agree that one must have something in addition to the manifold itself.

However, it is also possible to treat time as an independent variable. That is, one can treat time as separate from the geometry of space. If you do this, then the signature becomes (++++), and you don't need to specify a bilinear form. Instead, one defines the tangent vectors as velocity vectors. In other words, the metric is a result of the continua having a characteristic velocity. This is a classical way of treating space and time, that is separately.

Having read the links you've provided, I must say that I am singularly unimpressed with their lack of assumptions about the physical world. I saw no "emergence of a 4D World". Instead they begin with 4D simplices and end up with a 4D world. This is no more surprising to me than starting with little cubes and ending up with big cubes. Please correct me here. I see this as just a gravity from QM paper, not something that separates metric from manifold.

Carl
Astronomy
PF Gold
P: 23,117
 Quote by CarlB . I saw no "emergence of a 4D World". Instead they begin with 4D simplices and end up with a 4D world. This is no more surprising to me than starting with little cubes and ending up with big cubes. Please correct me here. ...
One way to understand it is to read the paper carefully and follow their references to the literature.

It may be that you have not read the first page of the article, Carl. this is page 2 (the abstract occupies page 1). Here is a quote from page 2:

----quote from "Emergence of a 4D world---
Note that the dynamical nature of “dimensionality” implies that the Hausdorff dimension of the quantum geometry is not a priori determined by the dimensionality at the cut-off scale a, which is simply the fixed dimensionality d of the building blocks of the regularized version of the theory. An example in point are the attempts to define theories of quantum geometry via “Euclidean Dynamical Triangulations”, much-studied during the 1980s and ‘90s. In these models, if the dimension d is larger than 2, and if all geometries contribute to the path integral with equal weight, a geometry with no linear extension and dHausdorff= infinity is created with probability one. If instead – as is natural for a gravityinspired theory – the Boltzmann weight of each geometry is taken to be the exponential of (minus) the Euclidean Einstein-Hilbert action, one finds for small values of the bare gravitational coupling constant a first-order phase transition to a phase of the opposite extreme, namely, one in which the quantum geometry satisfies dHausdorff= 2. This is indicative of a different type of degeneracy, where typical
(i.e. probability one) configurations are so-called branched polymers or trees (see [11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17] for details of the phase structure and geometric properties of the four-dimensional Euclidean theory).
----end quote----

The Dynamical Triangulations literature all through the 1990s is a history of frustration where they would put together, say, 4-simplices
and the result would be something of small dimensionality like 2
or the dimensionality would go off to infinity.

the 2004 result reported in "Emergence..." was highly nontrivial, as they say, and as they explain by reference to the earlier work.

this behavior has been discussed in quite a few papers---not just in 4D case but also in 3D

For instance look around page 7 of Loll's introductory paper "A discrete history..."
hep-th/0212340
which was written for grad students entering the field. She describes the 3D case, which is easier to picture.

in the 3D case, one randomly assembles 3-simplices (tetrahedrons), but for a decade or so the result was always something highly branched out or highly compacted---- either 2 dimensional or very high, essentially infinite, dimensional.

Loll provides some pictures, which I can't.
HW Helper
P: 1,204
But it's not starting from a point of "NO PRIOR METRIC". Instead they're talking about starting without a coordinate system. For example, from your very useful link:

 A nice feature of such simplicial manifolds is that their geometric properties are completely described by the discrete set {$$l^2_i$$ } of the squared lengths of their edges. Note that this amounts to a description of geometry without the use of coordinates.
http://www.arxiv.org/PS_cache/hep-th...12/0212340.pdf

In fact, each of the simplices that these guys are adding up does possess a metric structure. That's what gives the squared lengths of their edges. For that matter, if one knows the squared lengths of the edges, it's easy enough to define a coordinate system and metric for the simplice (which is assumed to be flat in the above link).

This concept of getting space back from just the edge lengths of simplices smells to me of pure mathematics. It's just not amazing to me except that so many people would work so hard on it. It's like a chapter from Bourbaki. What's more, it appears to provide no explanation for any physical phenomena such as masses or coupling constants or anything else not already covered by the standard model.

Carl

Also see:
 The simplicial building blocks of the models are taken to be pieces of Minkowski space, and their edges have squared lengths $$+a^2$$ or $$-a^2$$. For example, the two types of four-simplices that are used in Lorentzian dynamical triangulations in dimension four are shown in Fig.5. The first of them has four time-like and six space-like links (and therefore contains 4 time-like and 1 space-like tetrahedron), whereas the second one has six time-like and four space-like links (and contains 5 time-like tetrahedra). Since both are subspaces of flat space with signature (− + ++), they possess well-defined light-cone structures everywhere. In general, gluings between pairs of d-simplices are only possible when the metric properties of their (d−1)-faces match. ...
So the metric nature of the simplices is quite explicit.

It seems to me that the whole difficulty in this endeavor comes from the requirement that the result be Lorentz symmetric. But there is also an apparent assumption of the existence of a global time:
 Creating closed time-like curves will be avoided by requiring that all space-times contributing to the path sum possess a global “time” function $$t$$.
The underlying problem here is not with QM or gravity, it is in the unification. The above seems to me to suggest that the real problem is the assumption of Lorentz symmetry.

By the way, Hestenes believes that there is a method of putting gravitation onto a flat copy of his space time algebra (STA). Thus the underlying manifold would be flat. The method was found by Lasenby, Doran and Gull. If this is the case, wouldn't it make the whole problem of having to sum over bizarre geometries trivial? Here's a link to his article, please comment (as I know little about gravitation):
http://modelingnts.la.asu.edu/pdf/NEW_GRAVITY.pdf

Carl
P: 1,545
 Quote by marcus Randall it is soooooo simple.
Amazing how something so simple can generate so many comments. – But rather helpful ones, as I took your advise and thought this one over a bit.

The tune up in my thinking was where I’d though of Special and General Relativity both as being Classical 4D ideas. My problem was thinking Classical as 4 D. But as said here:
 Quote by CarlB However, it is also possible to treat time as an independent variable. That is, one can treat time as separate from the geometry of space. --- a classical way of treating space and time. .
I.E. Classical is not 4 Dimensional but 3 D with time being separate from Euclidian space.

This classical way was fine for SR with the SR equations being more precise solutions to the ones Newton provided.

But the classical was unable to depict how gravity worked. So we have the first really significant application of Riemannian geometry (from mid 1800’s I think) in order to build General Relativity. As 4D thinking to create “Warped space-time” was needed. Thus I shouldn’t think of Time by itself as being a dimension independent of three spatial ones where all four would have a metric. But instead :
 Quote by marcus In Gen Rel you start with a 4D space-time manifold (without a metric) and some matter …. where you solve for the gravitational field, which is becomes the metric.
So on the main point - understanding GR as being non-classical, is because of the need for Riemannian, I think I’m very clear on that and how that works.

In the QM arena :
On the issue of “perturbative” (String & M Theory) and “non- perturbative” (CDT, Triangulations) Background Independence are both of these significantly different that the BI of Gen Rel?
Is QM by definition Background Independent? with perturbative just one way of recognizing that aspect of QM.
Or is there even such a thing a Background Dependent QM theory?

RB
P: 416
Quote by marcus
 Quote by Juan R "inefficient"
CDT path integral has not given any signs of being an inefficient approach to quantum gravity, and to the extent that one can compare the two rather different approaches I would say that it is MORE background independent than canonical LQG.

Among tested, well-established theories, General Relativity is the most background independent model we have. When quantizing Gen Rel, it is obvious to try to preserve the B.I. feature if one can. The comparative success or failure of various attempts to do this is not relevant to the validity of the effort.

With both String and canonical Loop experiencing difficulties, one sees that it is actually the most background independent approach that is currently making the most progress.
I would remark that in post #99 i said (readers could think that i said other thing since you cited to me out of context)

 Quote by Juan R. Do not forget that LQG is claimed background independent whereas continue to be an “inefficient” approach to quantum gravity.
Astronomy
PF Gold
P: 23,117
Juan, you are doing the right thing to re-focus the discussion on the main question. I will try to prevent any misunderstanding by also giving CONTEXT of quotation. It is a very good idea. Here is my post #96

 Quote by marcus 1. it doesnt mean anything unless you say FOR WHOM it is a waste of time. 2. increasing numbers of people seem to be deciding that FOR THEM it is a waste of time, and so they are getting out of the field, or they are not writing so many research papers as they did. (However on arxiv I see a growing number of string papers by people at Beijing Normal and other large Chinese universities. These people do not think string is a waste of time for them and they are responsible for an increasing fraction of the research postings.) 3. your statement does not have a clear meaning unless you specify a waste of time AS WHAT. I think a lot of people would agree that string theory can lead to ideas and results that are interesting AS MATHEMATICS. 4. your statement would not apply to a mathematically gifted young person who goes into string and discovers something interesting and valuable AS MATHEMATICS. You cannot say that such a person is wasting their time! What gives mathematics intrinsic WORTH is the interest it evokes from other mathematicians. It does not need to be a fundamental testable model of nature. 5. however your message, suitably qualified and restricted, is a very helpful one to have expressed---and voicing it actually DOES STRING THEORISTS A FAVOR by increasing the pressure on them to arrive at a nonperturbative background independent formulation that makes falsifiable predictions. This is the only way to be sure that string theorizing is not a waste of time AS PHYSICS.
You responded in a forceful and substantive way to ALL my points in your post #99, but right now I want to focus on your reply to point 5. You argued that it would NOT BE A MAGIC CURE for the troubles of string theory for researchers to concentrate their effort on finding a nonperturbative and background independent formulation, and you gave an example where background independence has, by itself, not led to complete success (as I would freely admit.)

 Quote by Juan R. Do not forget that LQG is claimed background independent whereas continue to be an “inefficient” approach to quantum gravity
And I will agree with you that there are no magic cures (this was your phrase in post #99) in other words no certain method to rescue string from the landscape quagmire and make it a predictive testable theory. But nevertheless, have a look at this chart that shows my perspective and will help you understand why I think that working on a nonperturbative version of string COULD help the field advance. the percentage change is output is over the 3 years 2002-2004:

QG approach        % change in output            progress
strings (least indep)      decline                bogged down in landscape
loops (indep)             increase    cosmology, Freidel TFT, uniqueness theorem
triangles (most indep)    rapid increase          dramatic advance
strings is the least indep, assuming a manifold WITH prior metric, and it has experienced a substantial decline in research output: number of papers per year. except in China, people seem to be leaving the field.

loops is more indep, assuming a manifold WITHOUT prior metric, and has had something like 50% increase in research output, people entering the field

CDT triangles is a small field, but it is the MOST indep, and its spacetime is not even a differentiable manifold (although piecewise flat manifs are used in an approximation method). So this is radical, taking independence to a new level, and this approach has made the most pronounced progress, with percentagewise more people entering the field

Juan, you can challenge any of this because this is largely my personal perspective. Progress is hard to measure objectively and one must use individual judgement. But I am giving you this comparison chart so you will better understand my point of view.

You have argued that it would NOT help string become more predictive (that is: falsifiable) to develop a version that DOES NOT ASSUME A PRIOR METRIC. This would be the first kind of independence to ask for---a version that you can CALCULATE from without depending on a prior metric on the manifold.

My guess is that, on the contrary, it WOULD help theorists arrive at a falsifiable theory, if they would focus effort on making it nonperturbative.
Nonperturbative theories are harder to construct, and the difficulty narrows down the range of options. By denying themselves the convenience of a prior-chosen metric, the researchers might very well arrive at a theory that could be falsified through inconsistency or by experiment. This is how scientific theories are supposed to be and would constitute a kind of long-delayed success. And so i see it as a hopeful possibility---but I certainly confess that it is not a certainty!
P: 416
 Quote by marcus Juan, you are doing the right thing to re-focus the discussion on the main question. I will try to prevent any misunderstanding by also giving CONTEXT of quotation. It is a very good idea. Here is my post #96 You responded in a forceful and substantive way to ALL my points in your post #99, but right now I want to focus on your reply to point 5. You argued that it would NOT BE A MAGIC CURE for the troubles of string theory for researchers to concentrate their effort on finding a nonperturbative and background independent formulation, and you gave an example where background independence has, by itself, not led to complete success (as I would freely admit.) And I will agree with you that there are no magic cures (this was your phrase in post #99) in other words no certain method to rescue string from the landscape quagmire and make it a predictive testable theory. But nevertheless, have a look at this chart that shows my perspective and will help you understand why I think that working on a nonperturbative version of string COULD help the field advance. the percentage change is output is over the 3 years 2002-2004: QG approach % change in output progress strings (least indep) decline bogged down in landscape loops (indep) increase cosmology, Freidel TFT, uniqueness theorem triangles (most indep) rapid increase dramatic advance strings is the least indep, assuming a manifold WITH prior metric, and it has experienced a substantial decline in research output: number of papers per year. except in China, people seem to be leaving the field. loops is more indep, assuming a manifold WITHOUT prior metric, and has had something like 50% increase in research output, people entering the field CDT triangles is a small field, but it is the MOST indep, and its spacetime is not even a differentiable manifold (although piecewise flat manifs are used in an approximation method). So this is radical, taking independence to a new level, and this approach has made the most pronounced progress, with percentagewise more people entering the field Juan, you can challenge any of this because this is largely my personal perspective. Progress is hard to measure objectively and one must use individual judgement. But I am giving you this comparison chart so you will better understand my point of view. You have argued that it would NOT help string become more predictive (that is: falsifiable) to develop a version that DOES NOT ASSUME A PRIOR METRIC. This would be the first kind of independence to ask for---a version that you can CALCULATE from without depending on a prior metric on the manifold. My guess is that, on the contrary, it WOULD help theorists arrive at a falsifiable theory, if they would focus effort on making it nonperturbative. Nonperturbative theories are harder to construct, and the difficulty narrows down the range of options. By denying themselves the convenience of a prior-chosen metric, the researchers might very well arrive at a theory that could be falsified through inconsistency or by experiment. This is how scientific theories are supposed to be and would constitute a kind of long-delayed success. And so i see it as a hopeful possibility---but I certainly confess that it is not a certainty!

In short, string theory fails because is NOT a theory about our universe. This validation of the theory is rather broad and is not based in specific issues like BI.

Our universe is TODAY 4D and non supersymmetric, therefore we may develop a quantum theory for 4D and nonsupersimmetriy. Perhaps tomorrow new experiments discover hidden dimensions or super partners of currently known particles, but FIRST one may develop a theory for the uinverse that we know TODAY.

The problem of 40 year of impressive failure of ST is in the violation of scientific method. String theorists followed an initial "beatiful" idea and develop a theory for 26, 10 or 11D with supersimmetry and other stuff according to mathematical incosistency of the beatiful initial idea. How there is no posibility for developing a consistent theory for 4D without supersymmetry, there is possibility for computing nothing of this world from ST. Precisely this is the history of the field on last 30 years. Nothing computed or when computed with wrong behavior (nuclear force), wrong models (spliting of metric violating GR) or discrepancies of 50 orders of magnitude between theory and data.

And all of that even ignoring recent advanced stuff that is developed in other fields of theoretical science and ignored by super masterminds string theorists (of course some are respectful and hones but others are not). Stuff known in chemistry during 30 years (see Nobel lecture by Prigogine) is being introduced these days by string theorists in a new revolution.

That is, that was known 20 or 30 years ago in other fields is the last fad for ignorant (but very arrogant) people like Witten, Vafa, Greene, Schwartz, Motl, etc.

already explained that even with 2 or 3 new revolutions, string theory continue to be a joke (irrelevant) for people working in serious stuff.

Finalize saying that the idea of nondifferentiable spacetimes is also one of my ideas, but string and M theorists (yes those that claim for the Final theory the theory most sophisticated of the world, etc, etc.) continue working with "old" differentiable manifolds (e.g. famous CY of string theory or the new G2 of M-theory).

The arrogance of many string theorists permit to me writte this hard words (that i newer wrote for other honest researchers, including trinagulation ones)

I would say that there is posibility for reduction of dimensionality on my work and contacted with the author of paper you cite time ago. We discussed the rumour that a decrease on Newton force has been measured. If finally true this is another hard knock for ST which always has claimed that Newton force may be stronger on small distances.

F = (1/r^(2+D))

with D additional dimensions. Curiously doing D = -2, that is, reduction of dimensionality, one obtains less force (if confirmed experimentally) and absence of divergences for r = 0.

This argument is not riguroius but offer an idea of the surprising things that one can learn from alternative points of view.
 P: 416 According to http://www.physicsforums.com/showthread.php?t=85971 there is not violations of Newtonian force known.
Astronomy
PF Gold
P: 23,117
 Quote by Juan R. According to http://www.physicsforums.com/showthread.php?t=85971 there is not violations of Newtonian force known.
Hello Juan, I liked your most recent long post. We still should provide some documentation---I should supply some data for the percentage changes in research output over the 3 years 2002-2004 and so forth.
But I couldnt think of anything more to say right now.

Yes, about the short range newton law measurments. I know. Ohwilleke noted this in a thread in this section also. If you want to post on Ohwilleke's thread you might get some discussion. I dont connect this immediately to string theory because I dont find string theory very interesting and in the long run it might not be all that important. but verifying newton law of gravity at short range does seem interesting. maybe Ohwilleke or somebody will expand on this subject

GRAVITY NORMAL AT SMALL SCALES

check it out. Haelfix and Chronos have already replied on that thread.

--------------------------

by the way, something different. Do you know the story (arivero told me) of the two men discussing whether a white-ish block of material soap or cheese
one says it is soap, the other says it is cheese, and to prove it he cuts a sample and starts chewing it up----he will show it is cheese by eating some.
After a while he begins to foam and bubble at the mouth, and he stops chewing and says:

"Sabe a jabon, pero es queso."

We might translate this as
IT TASTES LIKE EPICYCLES, BUT IT'S REALLY A THEORY OF EVERYTHING.

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