What is Convergent: Definition and 334 Discussions

Convergent evolution is the independent evolution of similar features in species of different periods or epochs in time. Convergent evolution creates analogous structures that have similar form or function but were not present in the last common ancestor of those groups. The cladistic term for the same phenomenon is homoplasy. The recurrent evolution of flight is a classic example, as flying insects, birds, pterosaurs, and bats have independently evolved the useful capacity of flight. Functionally similar features that have arisen through convergent evolution are analogous, whereas homologous structures or traits have a common origin but can have dissimilar functions. Bird, bat, and pterosaur wings are analogous structures, but their forelimbs are homologous, sharing an ancestral state despite serving different functions.
The opposite of convergence is divergent evolution, where related species evolve different traits. Convergent evolution is similar to parallel evolution, which occurs when two independent species evolve in the same direction and thus independently acquire similar characteristics; for instance, gliding frogs have evolved in parallel from multiple types of tree frog.
Many instances of convergent evolution are known in plants, including the repeated development of C4 photosynthesis, seed dispersal by fleshy fruits adapted to be eaten by animals, and carnivory.

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  1. tworitdash

    A How to sum an infinite convergent series that has a term from the end

    From my physical problem, I ended up having a sum that looks like the following. S_N(\omega) = \sum_{q = 1}^{N-1} \left(1 - \frac{q}{N}\right) \exp{\left(-\frac{q^2\sigma^2}{2}\right)} \cos{\left(\left(\mu - \omega\right)q\right)} I want to know what is the sum when N \to \infty. Here...
  2. J

    Bounded non-decreasing sequence is convergent

    So far this is what I have. Proof: Let p1, p2, p3 be a non-decreasing sequence. Assume that not all points of the sequence p1,p2,p3,... are equal. If the sequence p1,p2,p3,... converges to x then for every open interval S containing x there is a positive integer N s.t. if n is a positive integer...
  3. H

    Lemma: Extracting a convergent subsequence

    Let's us look at the first implication (I will post the reverse implication once this proof has been verified). We have to prove if there is a subsequence of ##(s_n)## converging to ##t##, then there are infinitely many elements of ##(s_n)## lying within ##\epsilon## of ##t##, for any...
  4. C

    I Proving a convergent sequence is bounded

    Dear Everybody, I have a quick question about the \M\ in this proof: Suppose \b_n\ is in \\mathbb{R}\ such that \lim b_n=3\. Then, there is an \ N\in \mathbb{N}\ such that for all \n\geq\, we have \|b_n-3|<1\. Let M1=4 and note that for n\geq N, we have |b_n|=|b_n-3+3|\leq |b_n-3|+|3|<1+3=M1...
  5. Eclair_de_XII

    B Convergence of a sequence of averages of a convergent sequence

    Let ##\epsilon>0##. Then there is an integer ##N>0## with the property that for any integer ##n\geq N##, ##|a_n-A|<\epsilon##, where ##A\in\mathbb{R}##. If for all positive integers ##n##, it is the case that ##|a_n-A|<\epsilon##, then the following must hold: \begin{eqnarray}...
  6. F

    Prove that the sequence does not have a convergent subsequence

    Hello i have problems with this exersice Let $$\{X_{\alpha}\}_{\alpha \in I}$$ a collection of topological spaces and $$X=\prod_{\alpha \in I}X_{\alpha}$$ the product space. Let $$p_{\alpha}:X\rightarrow X_{\alpha}$$, $$\alpha\in I$$, be the canonical projections a)Prove that a sequence...
  7. malawi_glenn

    Help with a proof regarding convergent sequence (proof by contradiction)

    Ok I am trying to brush up my real analysis skills so that I can study some topology and measure theory at some point. I found this theorem in my notes, that is proven by using proof by contradiction. However, I have a hard time understanding what the contradiction really is... Here is the...
  8. M

    Question about boundary layer growth in convergent and divergent ducts

    Hi, I was recently reading about convergent-divergent nozzles and was wondering about how boundary layers grow in them. Question: How does a boundary layer grow in a convergent duct in subsonic flow? How does this compare to the growth of a boundary layer in a divergent duct in subsonic flow...
  9. P

    Coulomb's Law and Conditional Convergent Alternating Harmonic Series

    Mary Boas attempts to explain this by pointing out that the situation cannot arise because charges will have to be placed individually, and in an order, and that order would represent the order we sum in. That at any point the unplaced infinite charges would form an infinite divergent series...
  10. M

    I A convergent series sum

    ##\sum_n \frac{1}{n^c}## converges for ##c\gt 1##. Is there an expression for the value of the sum as a function of ##c##?
  11. T

    Position of the fan inside a convergent nozzle

    I want to present two scenarios here. First, there is a convergent nozzle shaped structure having a fan/blower fitted inside. In this case, the fan/blower is fitted at the throat of the nozzle. The inlet to throat ratio isn't important here. And the second scenario, the same nozzle is used but...
  12. Yohan

    Finding if an improper integral is Convergent

    find out for what values of p > 0 this integral is convergent ##\displaystyle{\int_0^\infty x^{p-1}e^{-x}\,dx}\;## so i broke them up to 2 integrals one from 0 to 1 and the other from 1 to ∞ and use the limit convergence test. but i found out that there are no vaules of p that makes both of...
  13. karush

    MHB 11.6.8 determine convergent or divergence by Ratio Test

    Use the Ratio Test to determine whether the series is convergent or divergent $$\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\dfrac{(-2)^n}{n^2}$$ If $\displaystyle\lim_{n \to \infty} \left|\dfrac{a_{n+1}}{a_n}\right|=L>1 \textit{ or } \left|\dfrac{a_{n+1}}{a_n}\right|=\infty...
  14. B

    MHB TFAE proof involving limit and convergent sequence

    Let A ⊆ R, let f : A → R, and suppose that (a,∞) ⊆ A for some a ∈ R. Then the following statements are equivalent: i) limx→∞ f(x) = L ii) For every sequence (xn) in A ∩ (a,∞) such that lim(xn) = ∞, the sequence (f(xn)) converges to L. Not even sure how to begin this one, other than the fact...
  15. T

    Sonic velocity inside a convergent nozzle

    This time, i have a question that came to my mind a few days ago. There is an ideal nozzle having inlet to throat ratio of 8:1. Air will enter the nozzle at around 84 m/s velocity. it can be easily understood that the velocity will become sonic much ahead of the throat. And I am wondering what...
  16. T

    Most efficient convergent nozzle

    I want to know what's the most efficient type convergent nozzle available now at present. I means what's the shape that is most efficient for a convergent nozzle. By efficiency, I want to mean that the inlet velocity to throat velocity ratio will be as close as possible to the throat area to...
  17. evinda

    MHB Sequence has convergent subsequence

    Hello! (Wave) Let $(a_n), (b_n), (c_n)$ sequences such that $(a_n), (c_n)$ are bounded and $a_n \leq b_n \leq c_n$ for each $n=1,2, \dots$ I want to show that $(b_n)$ has a convergent subsequence. I have thought the following: Since $(a_n), (c_n)$ are bounded, $\exists m_1, m_2 \in...
  18. Mr Davis 97

    Every convergent sequence has a monotoic subsequence

    Homework Statement Prove that every convergent sequence has a monotone subsequence. Homework EquationsThe Attempt at a Solution Define ##L## to be the limit of ##(a_n)##. Then every ##\epsilon##-ball about L contains infinitely many points. Note that ##(L, \infty)## or ##(-\infty, L)## (or...
  19. Mr Davis 97

    Convergent sequences might not have max or min

    Homework Statement Prove or produce a counterexample: If ##\{a_n\}_{n=1}^\infty\subset \mathbb{R}## is convergent, then ## \min (\{a_n:n\in\mathbb{N}\} )## and ##\max (\{a_n:n\in\mathbb{N}\} ) ## both exist. Homework EquationsThe Attempt at a Solution I will produce a counterexample...
  20. eudesvera3

    Paradox of a convergent nozzle fed by an electric fan

    Let us assume we have a cylindrical wind tunnel having a 0.5 m diameter fed by an electric fan. The cross-sectional area of the wind tunnel would be A1 = (PI/4) D1^2 = 0.196349541 m2. Let us suppose the motor driving the fan has a power rating of 1,500 W. At this stage, let us assume that the...
  21. T

    Blower fitted with a convergent nozzle

    Recently I have some conversation with an electrical engineer and from him I cam to know about a peculiar information. We were talking about what will happen if we put a convergent nozzle before a electricity driven fan/blower. I have concentrated what will happen at the throat and other...
  22. F

    Determine whether the series is convergent or divergent

    Homework Statement Homework Equations - The Attempt at a Solution Here's my work : However , the correct answer is : Can anyone tell me where's my mistake ?
  23. M

    MHB Gamma function is convergent and continuous

    Hey! :o I want to show that the Gamma function converges and is continuous for $x>0$. I have done the following: The Gamma function is the integral \begin{equation*}\Gamma (x)=\int_0^{\infty}t^{x-1}e^{-t}\, dt\end{equation*} Let $x>0$. It holds that...
  24. T

    Is this series divergent or convergent?

    Homework Statement ##\sum_{n=1}^{\infty }1+(-1)^{n+1} i^{2n}## Is this series divergent or convergent? Homework Equations 3. The Attempt at a Solution [/B] I tried using the divergent test by taking the limit as ##n## approaches ##{\infty }##, but both ##i^{2n}## and ##(-1)^{n+1}## will...
  25. Eclair_de_XII

    Proof for convergent sequences, limits, and closed sets?

    Homework Statement "Let ##E \subset ℝ##. Prove that ##E## is closed if for each ##x_0##, there exists a sequence of ##x_n \in E## that converges to ##x_0##, it is true that ##x_0\in E##. In other words, prove that ##E## is closed if it contains every limit of sequences for each of its...
  26. U

    Determining whether the series is convergent or divergent

    Homework Statement Determine if the series is convergent. Homework Equations ∞ ∑ (((2n^2 + 1)^2)*4^n)/(2(n!)) n=1[/B] The Attempt at a Solution I'n using the Ratio Test and have got as far as (4*(2(n+1)^2+1)^2)/((n+1)((2n^2+1)^2)). I know this series converges but I need to find the...
  27. Eclair_de_XII

    Prove: A bounded sequence contains a convergent subsequence.

    Homework Statement "Let ##\{a_n\}_{n=1}^\infty## be a bounded, non-monotonic sequence of real numbers. Prove that it contains a convergent subsequence." Homework Equations Monotone: "A sequence ##\{\alpha_n\}_{n=1}^\infty## is monotone if it is increasing or decreasing. In other words, if a...
  28. Maddiefayee

    Finding a convergent subsequence of the given sequence

    Homework Statement For some background, this is an advanced calculus 1 course. This was an assignment from a quiz back early in the semester. Any hints or a similar problem to guide me through this is greatly appreciated! Here is the problem: Find a convergent subsequence of the sequence...
  29. M

    Convergent lenses and calculating image position

    Homework Statement Two convergent lens are identical in focal length (f=10cm) and the oobject height (h0) is 3.5 cm. The distance between the two lenses is 30cm and the distance from the object to the first lens is 30cm. -Draw a diagram on the figure and show the image position (di) and size...
  30. B

    Convergent Series Can Be Bounded by Any ##\epsilon>0##

    Homework Statement Assume that ##a_k > 0## and ##\sum_{k=0}^\infty a_n## converges. Then for every ##\epsilon > 0##, there exists a ##n \in Bbb{N}## such that ##\sum_{k=n+1}^\infty a_k < \epsilon##. Homework EquationsThe Attempt at a Solution Since the series converges, the sequence of...
  31. C

    I Sequences, subsequences (convergent, non-convergent)

    Hi guys, I am not sure if my understanding of subsequence is right. For example I have sequence {x} from n=1 to infinity. Subsequence is when A) I chose for example every third term of that sequence so from sequence 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,... I choose subsequence 1,4,7...? B) Or subsequence is when I...
  32. K

    Series problems convergent or divergent

    Poster warned that the homework template is not optional. Determine if they are convergent or divergent, If it converges find the sum: ∞ ∑ 3^(n-1) 2^n n=1 ∞ ∑ ln(1/n) n=1 ∞ ∑ tan^n ( π/6) n=1 I tried to find information on how to solve them but I couldn't, thanks for the help
  33. jlmccart03

    Series: Determine if they are convergent or divergent

    Homework Statement I have a couple of series where I need to find out if they are convergent (absolute/conditional) or divergent. Σ(n3/3n Σk(2/3)k Σ√n/1+n2 Σ(-1)n+1*n/n^2+9 Homework Equations Comparison Test Ratio Test Alternating Series Test Divergence Test, etc The Attempt at a...
  34. T

    Showing Convergent Subsequence Exists

    Homework Statement Consider the space ##([0, 1], d_1)## where ##d_1(x, y) = |x-y|##. Show that there exists a sequence ##(x_n)## in ##X## such that for every ##x \epsilon [0, 1]## there exists a subsequence ##(x_{n_k})## such that ##\lim{k\to\infty}\space x_{n_k} = x##. Homework Equations N/A...
  35. L

    I What is a convergent argument?

    Is it any argument structure not classified as a syllogism? where premises lead to conclusions which is another premise. It seems that the definition is that in a convergent argument all the premises are independent of each other and support the conclusion only. But how does one know? "I...
  36. binbagsss

    Holomorphic function convergent sequence

    Homework Statement [/B] Hi Theorem attached and proof. I am stuck on 1) Where we get ##|g(z)|\geq |a_m|/2 ## comes from so ##a_{m}## is the first non-zero Fourier coeffient. So I think this term is ##< |a_m|r^{m}##, from ##r## the radius of the open set, but I don't know how to take care...
  37. T

    MHB Divergent or Convergent Integral

    I have: $$\int_{1}^{2} \frac{1}{x lnx} \,dx$$ I can set $u = lnx$, therefore $du = \frac{1}{x} dx$ and $xdu = dx$. Plug that into the original equation: $$\int_{1}^{2} \frac{x}{x u} \,du$$ Or $$\int_{1}^{2} \frac{1}{ u} \,du$$ Therefore: $ln |u | + C$ and $ln |lnx | + C$ So I need to...
  38. B

    Radius of Convergence for Ratio Test in Calculus Questions

    Homework Statement Homework Equations Ratio test. The Attempt at a Solution [/B] I guess I'm now uncertain how to check my interval of convergence (whether the interval contains -2 and 2)...I've been having troubles with this in all of the problems given to me. Do I substitute -2 back...
  39. B

    Absolutely Convergent, Conditionally Convergent, or Divergent?

    Homework Statement ∞ Σ (-1)n-1 n/n2 +4 n=1 Homework Equations lim |an+1/an| = L n→∞ bn+1≤bn lim bn = 0 n→∞ The Attempt at a Solution So I tried multiple things while attempting this solution and got inconsistent answers so I am thoroughly confused. My work is on the attached photo. I found that...
  40. T

    MHB Divergent Or Convergent Series

    I have this: $$ \sum_{n = 1}^{\infty} \frac{n^n}{3^{1 + 3n}}$$ And I need to determine if it is convergent or divergent. I try the limit comparison test against: $$ \frac{1}{3^{1 + 3n}}$$. So I need to determine $$ \lim_{{n}\to{\infty}} \frac{3^{1 + 3n} \cdot n^n}{3^{1 + 3n}}$$ Or $$...
  41. Kaura

    Infinite series of tan(1/n)

    Question ∞ ∑ tan(1/n) n = 1 Does the infinite series diverge or converge? Equations If limn → ∞ ≠ 0 then the series is divergent Attempt I tried using the limit test with sin(1/n)/cos(1/n) as n approaches infinity which I solved as sin(0)/cos(0) = 0/1 = 0 This does not rule out anything and I...
  42. T

    B Integral test and its conclusion

    I'm really confused about this test. Suppose we let f(n)=an and f(x) follows all the conditions. When you take the integral of f(x) and gives you some value. What are you supposed to conclude from this value?
  43. P

    Can convergent nozzles convert heat into motion?

    It's a well known fact that convergent and/or convergent-divergent nozzles convert internal enthalpy into forward motion i.e. dynamic pressure. But, enthalpy means both internal heat and the pressure-volume. I want to know whether the internal heat of a fluid can also be converted into forward...
  44. H

    I Properties of conditionally convergent series

    Do (i), (ii) and (iii) apply to conditionally convergent series as well? I feel like they don't. But the book seems to say that they do because it doesn't "state otherwise".
  45. The-Mad-Lisper

    Proof for Convergent of Series With Seq. Similar to 1/n

    Homework Statement \sum\limits_{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{n-1}{(n+2)(n+3)} Homework Equations S=\sum\limits_{n=1}^{\infty}a_n (1) \lim\limits_{n\rightarrow\infty}\frac{a_{n+1}}{a_n}\gt 1\rightarrow S\ is\ divergent (2) \lim\limits_{n\rightarrow\infty}\frac{a_{n+1}}{a_n}\lt 1\rightarrow S\ is\...
  46. F

    Functional analysis, ortho basis, weakly convergent

    Homework Statement This is a problem from Haim Brezis's functional analysis book. Homework EquationsThe Attempt at a Solution I'm assuming (e)n is the vectors like (e)1 = (1,0,0), (e)2=(0,1,0) and so on. We know every hilbert space has an orthonormal basis. I also need to know the...
  47. MAGNIBORO

    This hypothesis is right about operators on convergent and divergent series?

    Sorry for the bad English , do not speak the language very well. I posted this to know if the statement or " hypothesis " is correct . thank you very much =D. First Image:https://gyazo.com/7248311481c1273491db7d3608a5c48e [Broken] Second Image:https://gyazo.com/d8fc52d0c99e0094a6a6fa7d0e5273b6...
  48. Z

    Proof: Every convergent sequence is Cauchy

    Hi, I am trying to prove that every convergent sequence is Cauchy - just wanted to see if my reasoning is valid and that the proof is correct. Thanks! 1. Homework Statement Prove that every convergent sequence is Cauchy Homework Equations / Theorems[/B] Theorem 1: Every convergent set is...
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