What is Strain: Definition and 461 Discussions

In organic chemistry, ring strain is a type of instability that exists when bonds in a molecule form angles that are abnormal. Strain is most commonly discussed for small rings such as cyclopropanes and cyclobutanes, whose internal angles are substantially smaller than the idealized value of approximately 109°. Because of their high strain, the heat of combustion for these small rings is elevated.Ring strain results from a combination of angle strain, conformational strain or Pitzer strain (torsional eclipsing interactions), and transannular strain, also known as van der Waals strain or Prelog strain. The simplest examples of angle strain are small cycloalkanes such as cyclopropane and cyclobutane.

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  1. Chrono G. Xay

    I Transverse Strain of Annulus

    The annulus (“rim”) clamping the circular membrane over its cylindrical shell has a number of bolts ‘n’ positioned equidistantly around its perimeter. I’m guessing that the amount of transverse strain at those bolts would be where we might reasonably assume to be zero. When I was first trying...
  2. B

    Engineering Calculating stress and strain in complex loading scenario

    A bar is 100mm long and has a 20mm by 10mm cross section. It is subject the following complex loading a tensile load of 10,000N along its length a compressive load of 100,000N on its 100mm by 20mm faces a tensile load of 100,000N on its 100mm by 10mm faces Calculate the stress and strain on...
  3. T

    A The field equations of elasticity

    First, my ignorance... I know there are classes of equations: Laplace, Poisson, Wave, Diffusion, etc. (I suppose Laplace is a subset of Poisson, but that is not the issue). Into what category of mathematical equations would you place the field equations of elasticity (stress/strain/displacement)?
  4. Hamiltonian

    Basic Stress and Strain question -- Rock on top of a vertical column

    a) I can find the compressive strain on the aluminium column using the formula ##\sigma = E\epsilon## as we know ##\sigma = F/A##. The area of the column is ##A = \pi r^2 = 0.126m^2## and the force on the column is ##F = 300*(9.8)N = 2940N##. The stress therefore is ##\sigma =...
  5. T

    What is the origin and validity of assumptions about the strain energy function?

    Earlier today, I posted a question about the strain energy function. I am happy with the answer (I love this group). But the answer opened up a deeper question. Many elasticity textbook posit the existence of a strain energy function: And they make an additional assumption about its...
  6. T

    Strain Energy Functions and Springs

    (If this is in the wrong forum, please move it) Here is the potential energy of a spring Here is the strain energy function in elasticity The look alike -- I like that. If we want the force in the spring, we take the derivative of V with respect to the displacement and make the result...
  7. S

    B Question about stress - strain graph and definition of hardness

    This is from my notes: Point D is called ultimate tensile strength and defined as highest possible within this material. So it means that point D should be at the highest point of the graph (more like absolute maximum in math)? Because it seems that from the graph point D is not at maximum...
  8. Mohammad-gl

    A Does strain affect on-site energy?

    I want to study strain effects on the one material which has non-zero on-site energy . Does strain affects on-site energies?
  9. B

    Formula for the energy of elastic deformation

    In every book I checked, the energy (per unit mass) of elastic deformation is derived as follows: ## \int \sigma_1 d \epsilon_1 = \frac{\sigma_1 \epsilon_1}{2} ## and then, authors (e.g. Timoshenko & Goodier) sum up such terms and substitute ##\epsilon ## from generalised Hooke's law i.e. ##...
  10. S

    3D Volumetric Strain and Volume Change

    Summary:: Can anyone help me with this 3d Volumetric Strain and Volume Change. The is question is attached as a document below with the question and my attempt at the answer All questions and attempted answers are in the attached file below
  11. C

    Strain gauges and Wheatstone bridges

    Anyone know the significance of strain gauges and Wheatstone bridge in applications within mechanical and robotics areas. Thanks
  12. baldbrain

    A basic doubt about stress and strain

    While introducing tensile stress, we're shown a bar fixed at a support being subjected to a force in the axial direction at the opposite end. Then, since the bar is in translational equilibrium, we say that internal forces must balance it out, and this internal resistance per unit area is known...
  13. B

    Poisson Ratio -- Finding a corresponding analytical solution for the strain

    Hi, I ran into problems using the poisson ratio. For a FE simulation I created a simple 2D 1mm x 1mm block, and prescribed a 0.1 mm displacement at the top edge. Furthermore, the bottom edge is constraint in the y-dir, and the left edge in the x-dir. The material parameters are E = 100, and v...
  14. D

    Biophysics Q: Impact of stiffness (Young's modulus) on stress failure

    Hi. I'm a physician trying to understand the micromechanics of lung injury due to overdistension. The basic idea is that overstretching of the plasma membrane of the lung epithelial cell causes "stress failure" --> i.e. plasma membrane rupture --> cell death. The concepts of stress, strain, and...
  15. FEAnalyst

    Capped pressure vessel - strength and stability

    Hi, in mechanics of materials books one may easily find fomulas for stress and strain in thin- and thick-walled cylindrical pressure vessels subjected to internal pressure. However, it is assumed that they are open. So what are the formulas for stress and strain in capped vessels (with flat or...
  16. person123

    I Maximum Strain For Samples of Different Cross-Sectional Areas

    I would assume that because the samples are made of the same material they would fail at the same stress and so the same strain. However, the data shows that the sample with a greater cross-sectional area fails at a greater strain, and the two are roughly proportional. Does anyone know what...
  17. person123

    Does Sample Strain Decrease At Failure?

    My guess is that the deformation immediately before would be the sum of elastic and plastic deformation, and the deformation after would be just the plastic deformation, and it therefore would decrease. Is this correct?
  18. B

    Interpreting Stress-Strain Graph: Which Material Has the Highest Ductility?

    This is a quick multiple choice question in which I need to interpret the graph and see which statement is true This is what I have found from looking at the graph I know that strength is determined by the maximum stress a material can withstand in its elastic region. And toughness is the...
  19. archaic

    Finding Shear Strain: Step-by-Step Guide

    $$S=\frac FA\frac hx\Leftrightarrow\frac{F}{SA}=\frac xh=\text{shear strain}\\ \frac xh=\frac{9.0\times10^5}{10.0\times0.500\times10^{-4}\times7.5\times10^{10}}=1.2\times10^{-3}\\ x=1.2\times10^{-3}\times0.500=6.0\times10^{-4}\,cm$$ I'm doing something wrong, any help?
  20. archaic

    Stress, strain, and elongation

    $$\text{stress}=\frac{7500\times9.8}{0.105^2\pi}\approx2.1\times10^6\,Pa$$ ##Y=20\times10^{10}\,Pa## for steel. $$\frac{\Delta L}{L}=\frac{\text{stress}}{Y}\approx1.1\times10^{-5}$$ $$\Delta L\approx2.3\times10^{-5}\,m$$
  21. A

    I Is it true that isotropic biaxial strain does not lower C2 symmetry?

    Hello, My question is simple. I have read that isotropic biaxial strain does not lower C2 symmetry, but no proof whatsoever was provided. I would like to know if it is actually true and have a solid proof. If someone can provide it, that would be wonderful. But also explaining me how to start...
  22. chriscarson

    Young's modulus: Stress, Strain and Force for a Steel Bar

    As all attempts to get it right but without success this is one of the problems with my workout . Where i did wrong calculations ? The questions got the answers in brackets.
  23. FutureEngineer1720

    Micromechanics of High Strain Rate Loaded Composite Media

    I would like to know some guidelines regarding this topic. The characteristics of wave propagation depend highly on the orientation of fibre (unidirectional and warp & weft arrangement), fibre volumetric fraction, relative fibre modulli etc. What is the relation of wave propagation and these...
  24. S

    I Strain of of a bubble's surface interface during vibrations

    Imagine a bubble vibrating in air. Because it vibrates, it's interfacial area increases, thus new molecules are added and removed from the surface as it vibrates. Consider a molecule is initially at position X_0 at the interface, and over a certain amount of time molecules squeeze and disappear...
  25. S

    How to decide which component is best in terms of stress and deformation?

    Summary: In terms of stress, strain & deformation, what is better for a given component. 1) low stress or high stress 2) less strain or large strain 3) less deformation or large deformation? Some dimensional changes were made in an existing component to study how these changes effect the...
  26. H

    Why true strain is always smaller than nominal strain in tensile test?

    Hi everyone. I'm studying Mechanics of Materials and I got some question about 'nominal/true strain'. First of all, I agree that in tensile test, nominal stress is always smaller than true stress σt > σn cause when the material specimen is being stretched, then the actual area of the...
  27. greenrichy

    Find the stretch of a steel wire in a static equilibrium problem.

    If I can determine the weight of that heavy object placed on the plank, I will be able to determine the stretch of that wire. But, when using the second condition for static equilibrium (torques of the system equal to 0), I always end up with two unknowns, no matter what point of rotation I...
  28. W

    Relation between magnetism and material creep

    Hello, I am a civil engineer and have been working on concrete creep phenomenon for several years now. After reviewing a large amount of literature on related topics throughout this time, some interesting observations have emerged, and they have formed the idea that the material creep mechanism...
  29. N

    Stress and Strain to cause these deformations

    So I got a is elongation. For part b and d, I am unsure where to start. For c, i got compression and for e, I put that the dotted line is the red block
  30. K

    B Confusion about the Strain Energy when loading/unloading a sample

    The answer says B, it does makes sense, but why D is regarded as incorrect. If the Elastic Potential energy when loading is the area under the loading curve, so why not with the unloading?
  31. J

    Strain and Stress in Thin-Walled Hoops Under Pressure

    Homework Statement Hi all, this isn't exactly homework, but it is nonetheless a problem I would like to solve, so here goes. Consider a thin-walled ring/hoop with diameter "d" and thickness "t". I want to know the change of diameter "Δd" due to the stress caused by pressure "p" being applied...
  32. D

    I think I found a strain gauge

    I disassembled an electronic scale. I removed a piece from the corner. I think it is an strain gauge. When I Press on it a reading appears on The liquid crystal display. It might Say 9.6 or 10.8 or 11.5. I used a multimeter to measure it resistance. It 992 ohms. Unless I press on it. Then its...
  33. G

    Stress, Strain, and Sound in a Projectile Steel Rod

    Homework Statement .[/B] For a certain type of steel, stress is always proportional to strain with Young's modulus 20 x 10^10 N/m^2. The steel has density 7.86 x 10^3 kg/m^3. A rod 80.0 cm long, made of this steel, is fired at 12.0 m/s straight at a very hard wall. a) The speed of a...
  34. J

    Is strain uniform in a material?

    Hello, I am working on a project for an EE class and am brushing back up on the basics of strain and stress. My question was to do with how strain works in a material and if it is constant throughout. Say for example you had a setup like this The change in resistance the strain gauge...
  35. person123

    Thermal Expansion of a Wire Connected To a Rod

    Homework Statement Homework Equations ΔL=LαΔT σ=EΔL/L The Attempt at a Solution For part a, I used the coefficient of linear expansion for copper and the change in temperature to find the change in length (0.068%). I thought part b had the same answer. The two are attached, and I would...
  36. E

    Phase relation between strain and particle velocity

    I'm trying to understand the following derivation. Starting with the one-dimensional equation for a traveling wave ##u = u_0 \exp{[j(\omega t - \beta z)]}## the goal is to derive the phase relation between strain and velocity. The author first derives the relationship between strain and particle...
  37. J

    EEE Student Seeks Help for Strain Sensing Project

    Hello, I am a 3rd year EEE student and am working on a project that will go on to form my 3rd year dissertation. I am having trouble formulating a project idea from the guidelines. I was told I should use a strain sensor to form some kind of self sensing smart material that could be used to...
  38. A

    How do I use full-bridge strain gauge circuit to measure F?

    Hey all, I am using a Wheatstone bridge with 4 strain gauges as resistors. I have a formula for the output voltage (Vout). My questions is how do I make it so instead of voltage I measure force? Do I simply apply a set max. force (let's say 140N), see what voltage I get (Vout,max) and then use...
  39. T

    Understanding Yield Strength & Stress Strain Curve

    Hi all I was hoping someone could shed some light on the following:- I am trying to understand what Yield strength is and understand the exact limit of where elastic and plastic deformation occurs on a stress strain curve. Correct me if I am wrong but I define:- Yield strength as the amount...
  40. R

    Creating Mohr's strain circle from a strain rosette

    Homework Statement A sample is put in tension and a strain rosette gives the following results: i) Calculate principal strains and poissons ratio using Mohrs strain circle. ii) Calculate principal stresses from principal strains and poissons ratio. Homework Equations Mohr's strain circle γ =...
  41. SirMarx01

    Automotive What is the compression force of a ring seated inside a cylinder

    Hello. I am finding out how many normal force between ring and cylinder. I try to find around for many hours but get noting. there are 8.2 mm inner diameters than put in 8.6 mm cylinder. The hardness of sealing element is 55 ShA. Contact area is 48.63 mm^2. I have data and drawing in attachment...
  42. Remixex

    Stress and Strain tensors in cylindrical coordinates

    Homework Statement I am following a textbook "Seismic Wave Propagation in Stratified Media" by Kennet, I was greeted by the fact that he decided to use cylindrical coordinates to compute the Stress and Strain tensor, so given these two relations, that I believed to be constitutive given an...
  43. B

    Solution approaches for large strain mechanics

    I’m studying large strain and deformation solid mechanics and I have a (seemingly) basic question on solution approaches. Is my interpretation below correct? The governing equation of momentum for solid mechanics can be solved using a total or updated Lagrangian approach. The updated...
  44. Miopen

    I How Can Muscle Strain Be Measured?

    I am trying to figure out if there is a way to measure muscle strain. If I apply a force F to compress a hand grip to the maximum distance x The work done to compress the hand grip is F*x Work done = Fx Since work done = energy used, I can change the equation to: Energy used = Fx When...
  45. Hamza Abbasi

    Strain produced in a rod after expansion

    Homework Statement A rod of length ##L_o## is kept on a friction-less surface. The coefficient of linear expansion for the material of the rod is ##\alpha##. The the temperature of the rod is increased by ##\Delta T## the strain developed in the rod will be? Homework Equations $$ \Delta L=...
  46. H

    Which strain tensor is used by Abaqus?

    Hi all, I have some doubts regarding the strain tensors Abaqus uses for the case of Geometrical non linear analysis. In the case of geometrically linear analysis, all the strain tensors will be equal to engineering strain, So it doesn't matter which strain tensor Abaqus uses. But for...
  47. adamaero

    Simple strain gauge in rectifier, last part of the problem

    Homework Statement Homework Equations The Attempt at a Solution I do not understand this last part: Is this needed? The divide by two is the voltage divider, correct?
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