What is Boundary: Definition and 997 Discussions

In physics and fluid mechanics, a boundary layer is the layer of fluid in the immediate vicinity of a bounding surface where the effects of viscosity are significant. The liquid or gas in the boundary layer tends to cling to the surface.
The boundary layer around a human is heated by the human, so it is warmer than the surrounding air. A breeze disrupts the boundary layer, and hair and clothing protect it, making the human feel cooler or warmer. On an aircraft wing, the boundary layer is the part of the flow close to the wing, where viscous forces distort the surrounding non-viscous flow. In the Earth's atmosphere, the atmospheric boundary layer is the air layer (~ 1 km) near the ground. It is affected by the surface; day-night heat flows caused by the sun heating the ground, moisture, or momentum transfer to or from the surface.

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  1. P

    A Topology - Boundary of a ball without a point

    Let us say we have f analytic in ##Ball_1(0)##. which means, radius 1, starting at ##z_0 = 0## point. If I want to find the boundary of ##Ball_1(0)##. Will the boundary be ##{0}## or ##{\emptyset}##? Not homework, just an intuition to understand ##f(z)=\frac 1 z## function ( for example ) better.
  2. Demystifier

    A Minkowski Spacetime 3+1 Dimensions: Conformal Diagram w/Boundary

    The Minkowski spacetime in 3+1 dimensions does not have a boundary. Yet, its conformal diagram (see the left diagram in the attached picture) has a timelike boundary ##r=0##. A spacetime with a timelike boundary (another example is AdS) has a different causal structure than a spacetime without a...
  3. H

    A Boundary conditions for variable length bar

    Suppose I'm looking at a bar of length L(t) in 1D and I have the conservation of mass: \frac{\partial\rho}{\partial t}+\frac{\partial}{\partial x}(\rho u)=0 In order to make things easier, I make the change of variable x'=x/L(t) so that in this frame of reference, the length remains constant...
  4. Fractal matter

    A Two degrees of freedom in GR after boundary conditions specified?

    I read there are 2 degrees of freedom in GR after boundary conditions specified. Does that mean 2 equations are enough for EFE equivalent? Those two seem like the amplitude and a phase.
  5. N

    Fortran Need help with Jacobi relaxation method for Dirichlet boundary conditions

    program r_jacobi implicit none !!!!Variables!!! real*8 V, V_1, V_2, Lx, Ly integer n ,i , j, k, nx, ny real*8, allocatable :: arrx(:), arry(:), phi(:,:,:) real*8 x, xi, xf, y, yi, yf, dx, dy real*8 d, q, bx, by V=1 V_1=V V_2=-V Lx = 2 Ly = 1 nx = 200 ny = nx/2...
  6. chwala

    A The boundary conditions in reference to Laplace's equation

    We have inhomogenous dirichlet boundary conditions (well understood)....the laplace equation is a steady state equation and we can clearly see that in 2D..it will be defined by 4 boundary conditions and NO initial condition...having said that; kindly have a look at the continuation below... I...
  7. B

    Checking assumptions in boundary conditions of double well system

    The idea here (as I'm told) is to use the boundary conditions to get a transcendental equation, and then that transcendental equation can be solved numerically. So I'm making a few assumptions in this problem: 1. The potential ##V(x)## is even, so the wavefunction ##\psi(x)## is either even or...
  8. chwala

    A Solve the heat equation having Dirichlet boundary conditions

    I am going through these notes...they are pretty easy to follow. I would like more insight on the initial condition. In this problem, (attachment below), i guess the choice of initial condition is convenient as its easier to plug in the values of ##n=2## and ##b=3## (highlighted on the...
  9. A

    Solution to Differential Equation with Limit Boundary Condition

    The original differential equation is: My solution is below, where C and D are constants. I have verified that it satisfies the original DE. When I apply the first boundary condition, I obtain that , but I'm unsure where to go from there to apply the second boundary condition. I know that I...
  10. warhammer

    I Query on Electromagnetic Theory (Dielectric Boundary Conditions)

    The given question from Electromagnetic Theory (which is based on Dielectric Boundary Conditions) is as follows: Interface b/w two dielectric medium has a surface charge density (suppose xyz C / (m ^ 2) ). Using boundary condition find field in 1 (relative permittivity =xyz) if field in 2...
  11. A

    MATLAB No End" Boundary Conditions in Wave on a String

    How did they impose boundary conditions here if "no end" is selected? Here: https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/wave-on-a-string/latest/wave-on-a-string_en.html I would like to do the same thing without changing the wave equation of the string.
  12. A

    MATLAB Boundary conditions in the resolution of a PDE with the FFT method

    How to impose boundary conditions when solving a PDE with fft? For example here: If I copy this code I get periodic boundary conditions. Thank you
  13. PeterDonis

    A Connectedness of Boundary Points in Schwarzschild Penrose Chart

    In the Penrose chart for Schwarzschild spacetime, the boundary "at infinity" appears to be connected all the way around. I want to explore what that means physically and whether particular boundary points that appear to be connected on the chart actually are. I am using the following notes as a...
  14. L

    Engineering Hand tool boundary conditions - Forces determination

    Hello, I' m trying to make a linear static analysis (Finite Element Analysis) on the following hand tool. I want to determine the boundary conditions. In order to do that I have decided to use a force couple to represent the forces that a bolt exerts on the jaws of this spanner. Despite using...
  15. S

    Exploring Electric Field Boundaries at a Charge Density Boundary

    Hey, I have a really short question about electrostatics. The boundary conditions are : \mathbf{E}^{\perp }_{above} - \mathbf{E}^{\perp}_{below} = -\frac{\sigma}{\varepsilon_{0}}\mathbf{\hat{n}} , \mathbf{E}^{\parallel }_{above} = \mathbf{E}^{\parallel}_{below}. My question is what is...
  16. guyvsdcsniper

    Boundary Conditions for an infinite rectangular pipe

    Does setting up the problem symmetrically on this axis and the boundary conditions applied make sense? I don't believe I will have a problem solving for the potential inside, but i just want to make sure I have my B.C and axis correct before proceeding. EDIT: Or should this be a 2-D lapace...
  17. guyvsdcsniper

    Evaluating the boundary conditions for a rectangular pipe

    I have attached an image of the pipe in the attachmnts. The pipe is parallel to z-axis form (-∞,∞) and sides of length a. So my boundary conditions for this problem are as follows 1.) V=0 at y=0 2.)V=0 at y=a 4.)∂v/∂x=0 @ x=0 3.)V0 @ x=a I am a little confused on the fourth boundary...
  18. Dale

    I Manifold with a boundary

    <Moderator note: thread split from https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/speed-of-light.1012508/#post-6601734 > Is a manifold with a boundary still a manifold?
  19. JD_PM

    Error when creating boundary conditions (OpenFOAM)

    Let's give some context. I created a Mesh via snappyHexMesh and next I am setting the boundary conditions (BCs). First I copied the patches folder "createPatchDict" to my system's folder via the command "cp $FOAM_ETC/caseDicts/mesh/manipulation/patches/createPatchDict ./system" Taking into...
  20. H

    Boundary conditions ##\vec{B}## and ##\vec{H}##

    When asking for boundary conditions I'm wondering if this is enough in this situation to give ##\vec{\nabla} \cdot \vec{B} = 0 , B_{2\perp} - B_{1 \perp} = 0## ##\vec{\nabla} \cdot \vec{H} = - \vec{\nabla} \cdot \vec{M}, H_{2\perp} - H_{1 \perp} = - (M_{2\perp} - M_{1 \perp})## ##\vec{\nabla}...
  21. H

    Boundary conditions (E and D) for a dielectric sphere

    Since there is no free charge ##\int_S \vec{D} \cdot d\vec{a} = 0## and ##\rho_f = 0## ##\sigma_f = 0## ##\vec{nabla} \cdot \vec{P} = 0## since P is a constant ##\rho_b = - \vec{nabla} \cdot \vec{P} = 0## For a simple surface we can find the boundary conditions for ##\vec{E}## using a Gauss'...
  22. M

    Perturbation Methods: Guarantee a boundary layer?

    Hi, I was working on the following problem: Question: A small parameter multiplying the highest derivative does not guarantee that the solution will have a boundary layer for small values of ##\epsilon##. This may be due to the form of the differential equation, or the particular boundary...
  23. C

    I Non-Homogeneous Robin Boundary conditions and Interpretations of Signs

    I have been solving the constant coefficient 1D advection-diffusion equation ##\frac{\partial c}{\partial t} + v\frac{\partial c}{\partial x} = D\frac{\partial^2 c}{\partial x^2}## on ##0<x<L,t>0## with a variety of robin BC's. Namely $$vc + D\frac{\partial c}{\partial x} = J^f ~~at~~ x=L $$...
  24. Stefan H

    A Solving Laplace's equation in polar coordinates for specific boundary conditions

    Hello everybody, Currently I am doing my master's thesis and I've encountered a physics problem which is very difficult for me to solve. The problem I have is finding equations for the magnetic scalar potential inside and outside a ferromagnetic wire for specific boundary conditions...
  25. chwala

    Confused About Boundary Conditions for ##y## and ##x##

    I am going through this notes, i can follow quite well...my only issue is on the highlighted part...i thought that we had two boundary conditions for ##y## ( of which one of them is non homogenous) and two boundary conditions for ##x##( of which both are homogenous)...kindly clarify on this part...
  26. C

    Boundary conditions in Ansys

    Hi, I have one question related to the boundary conditions I should apply in a Static Structural simulation for the following support. The support is subjected to the following loading conditions shown below...
  27. yucheng

    I Unraveling Laplace's Equation: Exploring Valid Domains and Boundary Conditions

    Hi! This thread might well be similar to: https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/thread-about-jacksons-classical-electrodynamics-3rd-edition.910410/ I'm self-studying Vanderlinde and having a great time. However, I think that I am conflating and confusing many different things. Let me just ask...
  28. R

    Boundary conditions for 2 ropes fixed to a massless ring with a damper

    Hi, I'm not quite sure if I'm correct. I need to find the boundary conditions for 2 ropes ##T_1 \mu_1, T_2 \mu_2## fixed at ##x=0## to a massless ring with a massless damper of force ##F_d - -bv_y## Here what I think, since the ring and the damper is massless ##\sum F_y = 0##. Thus, ##-T_1...
  29. jdgotts

    I Help Regarding Application of Bernoulli in a Boundary Layer

    Hey all, I recently took an aerodynamics exam that included the question "Please Explain how the Bernoulli Equation can be Applied Inside a Boundary Layer". Now, it is my belief that the Bernoulli equation, defined by my textbook as P+0.5ρV2=ℂ, requires inviscid flow to be properly applied...
  30. N

    Periodic boundary conditions -> Shouldn't supports hinder all motion?

    Hello everyone, I am currently trying to understand periodic boundary conditions for the mechanical investigation of mechanical properties of a RVE. I found a good video explaining the theory behind it: But something is unclear to me: At the above linked time step, the individual conical...
  31. Rikrik

    B Boundary between a particle in two energy states

    Hi I'm new to quantum mechanics, Looking for some help regarding a concept i am struggling to solve. I am curious if I had a cube of particles in a ground state and another cube with the same particle in a higher energy state. If I placed one upon another, is there anything in quantum mechanics...
  32. F

    Unusual boundary conditions in FEA software

    For a 2D problem with unknown displacements u(x,y) and v(x,y), is it allowed to give such a set of BCs u(0,y)=1 and vy(0,y)=0, the former being a displacement BC, the latter being a force BC (vy is the y strain)? How is this implemented in FEA software?
  33. M

    Treatment of source term on the boundary: FEA and Comsol

    I would like to solve a coupled system of two PDEs using Comsol for the following geometry: Equation 1 (valid for 0⩽Z⩽bm): The initial and boundary conditions are: Tm(r,t→0)=20 Tm(r→rw,t)=70 Tm(r→∞,t)=20 However, for bm⩽Z⩽bm+b2, the equation to solve is: With the following initial and...
  34. pairofstrings

    B Equation of Circle: Boundary or Surface?

    Equation of circle: ##x ^2+y ^2=1##. Is this equation describing boundary or a surface? Thanks.
  35. B

    Set up boundary conditions for a simple elasticity problem

    [Mentor Note -- Thread moved to the ME forum to get better views] Let's consider an incompressible block of Neo-Hookean material. Let the initial reference geometry be described by ##B=[0,b] \times [0,b] \times [0,h]##. The professor gave me the following task: Of course there can be many...
  36. B

    Boundary condition: null traction on the boundary of an elastic block

    Hi everyone, I'm trying to understand the rationale behind the boundary condition for the problem "Finite bending of an incompressible elastic block". (See here from page 180).Here we have as Cauchy Stress tensor (see eq. (5.82)): ##T = - \pi I + \mu (\frac{l_0^2}{4 \bar{\theta}^2 r^2} e_r...
  37. C

    Maple Boundary finite element method in Maple

    I would like any tips about a Maple ''home made'' program that I received for a project but this program seems to stop before the very end of the code. I want to find de lift of an airfoil with Boundary finites elements method. I have this error at the very end : Error, (in fprintf) number...
  38. S

    Frequency of boundary layer instability

    I've been searching the net but can not find any freely available literature. Can someone give me a quick lesson on boundary layer instability and its frequencies? I have an equation that claims to scale the instability frequency by: F = U/2*delta U is leading edge velocity delta is layer...
  39. A

    I Recession Velocity near Cosmological Boundary: Hubble's Law?

    I'm confused whether Hubble's Law applies to objects near the cosmological horizon (CH). I'm told that objects asymptotically approach the CH and freeze there (v -> 0) in the same way that occurs during in-fall towards a black hole. But Hubble's Law says that velocity is proportional to...
  40. L

    A Ising model open chain and periodic boundary conditions

    One dimensional Ising model is often treated as open chain system with free ends. Then when external field is added it is treated with cyclic boundary condition. Can someone explain me are those methods equivalent, or not?
  41. docnet

    Solve this PDE with Neumann boundary conditions

    Hi all, I was hoping someone could check whether I computed part (4) correctly, where i find the solution u(t,x) using dAlembert's formula: $$\boxed{\tilde{u}(t,x)=\frac{1}{2}\Big[\tilde{g}(x+t)+\tilde{g}(x-t)\Big]+\frac{1}{2}\int^{x+t}_{x-t}\tilde{h}(y)dy}$$ Does the graph of the solution look...
  42. Hosein Javanmardi

    A Implementing FDM Boundary Conditions at a Red Point

    in Finite Difference Method (FDM), the boundary conditions can be implemented by applying the continuity of parallel component of magnetic field intensity. when it comes to the interface of two areas, it is done at ease, but consider this case at the red point: in FDM we exactly require on...
  43. M

    Question about boundary layer growth in convergent and divergent ducts

    Hi, I was recently reading about convergent-divergent nozzles and was wondering about how boundary layers grow in them. Question: How does a boundary layer grow in a convergent duct in subsonic flow? How does this compare to the growth of a boundary layer in a divergent duct in subsonic flow...
  44. Physicsman788

    What is Boundary Interaction in Echolocation and Internal Body Structures?

    What is a boundary and how can boundary interactions be used in echolocation and examining internal body structures?
  45. potatocake

    Boundary value problem- Random Walker

    I want to solve this using difference equation. So I set up the general equation to be Pi = 0.5 Pi+1 + 0.5 i-1 I changed it to euler's form pi = z 0.5z2-z+0.5 = 0 z = 1 since z is a repeated real root I set up general formula Pn = A(1)n+B(1)n then P0 = A = 1 PN = A+BN = 0 -> A= -BN...
  46. Z

    Tackling Boundary Conditions in Python (Griffins Example)

    How to run a numerical simulation of Laplace equation if one of the boundary condition is like this: $$V(x,y) = 0 \text{ when } x \to \infty$$ I am trying to use Python to plot the solution of this Example 3.5. in Griffins EM
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