What is partitions: Definition and 53 Discussions

The Partitions of Poland were three partitions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth that took place toward the end of the 18th century and ended the existence of the state, resulting in the elimination of sovereign Poland and Lithuania for 123 years. The partitions were conducted by the Habsburg monarchy, the Kingdom of Prussia, and the Russian Empire, which divided up the Commonwealth lands among themselves progressively in the process of territorial seizures and annexations.The First Partition was decided on August 5, 1772 after the Bar Confederation lost the war with Russia. The Second Partition occurred in the aftermath of the Polish–Russian War of 1792 and the Targowica Confederation of 1792 when Russian and Prussian troops entered the Commonwealth and the partition treaty was signed during the Grodno Sejm on January 23, 1793 (without Austria). The Third Partition took place on October 24, 1795, in reaction to the unsuccessful Polish Kościuszko Uprising the previous year. With this partition, the Commonwealth ceased to exist.In English, the term "Partitions of Poland" is sometimes used geographically as toponymy, to mean the three parts that the partitioning powers divided the Commonwealth into, namely: the Austrian Partition, the Prussian Partition and the Russian Partition. In Polish, there are two separate words for the two meanings. The consecutive acts of dividing and annexation of Poland are referred to as rozbiór (plural: rozbiory), while the term zabór (plural: zabory) refers to parts of the Commonwealth that were annexed in 1772–95 and which became part of Imperial Russia, Prussia, or Austria. Following the Congress of Vienna in 1815, the borders of the three partitioned sectors were redrawn; the Austrians established Galicia in the Austrian partition, whereas the Russians gained Warsaw from Prussia and formed an autonomous polity of Congress Poland in the Russian partition.
In Polish historiography, the term "Fourth Partition of Poland" has also been used, in reference to any subsequent annexation of Polish lands by foreign invaders. Depending on source and historical period, this could mean the events of 1815, or 1832 and 1846, or 1939. The term "Fourth Partition" in a temporal sense can also mean the diaspora communities that played an important political role in re-establishing the Polish sovereign state after 1918.

View More On Wikipedia.org
  1. N

    B Combinatorics and Magic squares

    Hi there. Happy new year. I am interested in magic squares. I am particularly interested in how to fill a square of order n in a symmetrical and logical way by analyzing the possible ways to achieve a given sum of numbers. My question is about combinatorics analyses. For example for a square...
  2. dRic2

    Managing Dual Linux OS and Partitions on PC

    Hi, I am running on pc with 2 different Linux OS and the following partitions /dev/sda1 (Boot) /dev/sda2 (ArchLinux) /dev/sda3 (something empty) /dev/sdb1 (Ubuntu) /dev/sdb2 (EFI System partition) /dev/sdb3 (no name) Since I basically don't use ArchLinux, I wanted to uninstall it. I...
  3. Wrichik Basu

    How should I distribute space among different partitions in Ubuntu?

    I have had enough with my Windows PC. I have decided to create a dual boot PC with Ubuntu 20.04 LTS. I am doing a dual-boot system because I need Windows for: Amazon prime video app MS office Here is a view of the partitions of the HDD: I have a lot of programs to install: MATLAB Android...
  4. V

    Examples of Partitions: How to Divide Nonzero Integers into Infinite Sets?

    Homework Statement Show an example of a partition of the nonzero integers into two infinite sets. Show an example of a partition of the nonzero integers into infinitely many sets, such that each set of the partition contains exactly two elements. 2. Homework Equations The Attempt at a Solution...
  5. Mr Davis 97

    I All partitions of 10 into size 6

    I am trying to find all partitions of 10 into a sum with 6 terms. Apparently there are five, but I can only find four. 10=5+1+1+1+1+1 10=4+2+1+1+1+1 10=3+2+2+1+1+1 10=2+2+2+2+1+1 I honestly don't see how there can be another partition... EDIT: Nevermind... Found it...
  6. M

    Logical partitions for an external disk

    Hello. Is it possible to create logical partitions for an external storage such as an SD Card? When I take a back up, I format the disk instead of deleting the old data because deletion takes too much time compared to formatting. Then I do a copy-and-paste new data to the disk evacuated from old...
  7. M

    I Partitions of Euclidean space, cubic lattice, convex sets

    If the Euclidean plane is partitioned into convex sets each of area A in such a way that each contains exactly one vertex of a unit square lattice and this vertex is in its interior, is it true that A must be at least 1/2? If not what is the greatest lower bound for A? The analogous greatest...
  8. K

    Proof involving partitions and equivalence class

    Homework Statement Show that every partition of X naturally determines an equivalence relation whose equivalence classes match the subsets from the partition. Homework Equations ( 1 ) we know that equivalence sets on X can either be disjoint or equal The Attempt at a Solution Let Ai be a...
  9. G

    Number of partitions for a finite set

    Homework Statement Find a recursive relation on the number of partitions ##P_n## for a set ##S_n## of cardinal ##n##. ##P_0 = 1## is given. Homework EquationsThe Attempt at a Solution A partition of ##S_{n+1}## is given by the choice of a non-empty ##k##-block ##A_k## of ##S_{n+1}## and a...
  10. S

    MHB Equivalences and Partitions and Properties of binary relations

    If someone could explain some of the steps needed to work out these 2 questions it would be much appreciated!
  11. S

    Counting Cosets in Abstract Algebra | Pinter's Self Study

    Hi, I am doing self study of Abstract Algebra from Pinter. My doubt is regarding Chap 13 Counting Cosets: A coset contains all products of the form "ah" where a belongs to G and h belongs to H where H is a subgroup of G. So each coset should contain the number of elements in H. Now the number of...
  12. PsychonautQQ

    Understanding Partition of Sets: Definition, Conditions, and Examples

    Homework Statement "A family of sets is called pairwise disjoint if any two distinct sets in the family are disjoint". so if ANY of the two sets are disjoint with each other then the whole family can be called pairwise disjoint.. "If A is a nonempty set, a family P of subsets of A is...
  13. S

    MHB Partitions and equivalence relations

    i don't have a specific question. i just need an explanation on what this topic is about. i am not understanding it
  14. evinda

    MHB Integral Partitions and Infimum

    Hi! :) I am looking at the following exercise: Let $f:[a,b] \to \mathbb{R}$ integrable at $[a,b]$,such that $f(r)=0$,for each rational number $r \in [a,b]$.Prove that $\int_a^b f(x) dx=0$. We suppose the partition $P=\{ a=t_0<t_1<...<t_n=b\}$ of $[a,b]$ $\underline{\int_{a}^{b}} f(x)dx=sup \{...
  15. NATURE.M

    Proving the Riemann Sum for the Integral of x^2 from 1 to 3

    So my textbook asks to show \int^{3}_{1} x^{2}dx = \frac{26}{3}. They let the partition P = {x_{0},...,x_{n}}, and define the upper Riemann sum as U(P) = \sum^{i=1}_{n} x_{i}Δx_{i} and lower sum as L(P) = \sum^{i=1}_{n} x_{i-1}Δx_{i} I understand this part, but the next part is where I'm...
  16. alyafey22

    MHB Exploring Non-Crossing Partitions: Definition, Visualization, and Calculation

    Define a partition of a set $S$ as a collection of non-empty disjoint subsets $\in S$ whose union covers $S$. The number of them is defined using the Bell numbers. Can we define ''Non-crossing'' partitions in words . I have seen the visualization of these partitions and the number of them is...
  17. W

    What is the Best Fit Algorithm for Memory Partitions?

    1. If you had 10, 50, 20, 30, and 60 KB in order and wanted to work with these incoming processes 21, 47, 5, 45 KB find the best fit. 3. I know how to do 21 and 5 but for 47 and 45 I'm confused. Best fit says to produce the smallest left over hole. So, would I put 47 in 60 because it's...
  18. O

    Sum_{k=0n} p(k) where p(k) = number of partitions of k

    Very much a beginner in maths and broadening my horizons. I have a series of polynomials that I was hoping to get some insight into, specifically where to beginning looking re. a method of creating a generating function, as well as some self similar patterns and links that explain them. Any help...
  19. P

    Direction of Goldbach Partitions

    I have been investigating goldbach partitions for some time. One interesting observation I have been able to determine is concerning the "direction" of the goldbach partitions whether they are increasing or decreasing as 2N increases. To get an idea of this I constructed a function f(2N)...
  20. Z

    Can I use Master Theorem if the partitions are not fractions?

    Homework Statement If I had a recurrence expression that recurs on partitions of size n - 1 each time, (as opposed some fraction of the original size ie. n/2), how can I apply the Master Theorem? I don't know what the "b" value is? Homework Equations The Attempt at a Solution...
  21. P

    Why Do 'Forbidden Zones' Exist in Goldbach Partitions?

    Hi All; The following attachment shows a diagram of the ratio R[2m] = g^2[2m]/g[2m-2]*g[2m+2] where g[2m] is the number of goldbach partitions for the even number 2m. What is the reason for the "forbidden zones". I understand this is somehow to do with the factors of the even number...
  22. R

    MATLAB Calc. No. of Partitions w/ Euler Formula

    This program have to calculate the numbers of partitions of a number using the euler formula So, here is the program i have done, i don't know where is the mistakes, and I would greatly appreciate to help me. http://mathworld.wolfram.com/PartitionFunctionP.html#eqn11 function fn = euler(n) if...
  23. O

    Is there a formula for calculating partitions with restrictions?

    After long and careful search on the web and in literature, I could not find the solution of the following problem. I need calculate p(N,K,L) - the number of partitions of N into no more than K parts not exceeding L. Example: N = 7, K = 4, L = 5 1) 2+5 2) 3+4 3) 1+1+5 4) 1+2+4 5) 1+3+3 6)...
  24. C

    Counting Partitions and Bijections

    Homework Statement (A) Find and prove a bijection between the set of all functions from [n] to [3] and the set of all integers from 1 to 3n. (B) How many set partitions of [n] into two blocks are there? (C) How many set partitions of [n] into (n-1) blocks are there? (D) How many set partitions...
  25. P

    Cumulative sum of Goldbach Partitions

    I noted the following concerning the cumulative sum of Goldbach partitions C[2N] = sum[ G(2N) ;from 6 to 2N] is greater than pi[2N]*(pi[2N] -1)/2 where 2N is an even number 2N=6,,,,, C[2N] is the cumulative sum of the goldbach partitions of the even numbers 6,...2N G(2N) is the...
  26. S

    Surjective functions and partitions.

    Let A be the set of all functions f:{1,2,3,4,5}->{1,2,3} and for i=1,2,3 let Ai denote a subset of the functions f:{1,2,3,4,5}->{1,2,3}\i. i)What is the size of : 1). A, 2).the sizes of its subsets Ai,and 3).Ai\capAj (i<j) also 4).A1\capA2\capA3. ii)Find with justification the...
  27. S

    Proof of recurrence relation of partitions

    Homework Statement Let T_{n} denote the number of different partitions of {1,2,...,n}. Thus, T_{1} = 1 (the only partition being {1}) and T_{2} = 2 (the only partitions being {1,2} and {1},{2}). show that T_{n+1} = 1 + \sum^{n}_{k=1} (^{n}_{k}) T_{k}. Homework Equations Let S be a given...
  28. G

    Partitions, Equivalence Classes and Subsets

    Homework Statement Suppose A_{\lambda}, \lambda in L, represents a partition of the nonempty set A. Define R on A by xRy <=> there is a subset A{\lambda} such that x is in A{\lambda} and y is in A{\lambda}. Prove that R is an equivalence relation on A and that the equivalence classes of R are...
  29. H

    Set Theory Problem Involving Partitions

    This problem is from Hrbacek and Jech, Introduction to Set Theory, Third Edition, right at the end of chapter 2. Homework Statement Let A \neq {}; let Pt(A) be the set of all partitions of A. Define a relation \leq in Pt(A) by S_{1} \leq S_{2} if and only if for every C \in S_{1}...
  30. M

    Efficient Goldbach Partitions Formula with Intuitive Reasoning

    Intuitive reasoning has led me to develop a simple approximation, which contains factors different from those used in well knoen formulas. Numerically, "my" formula delivers results, which are almost as accurate, as Hardy-Littlewood`s with the Shah-Wilson correction. Thanks in advance for any...
  31. F

    Number of partitions of 2N into N parts

    The number of partitions of an even number 2N into N parts appears to be equal to the number of partitions of N. Is this known? If so: Can anyone provide a reference of the corresponding proof? Thanks in advance for any information on this.
  32. K

    Conditional probability and partitions

    Homework Statement I'm currently trying to revise for exams and really struggling on this problem: Suppose you have 3 coins that look identical (ie don't know which is which) with probabilites of 1/4, 1/2 and 3/4 of showing a head. 1. If you pick a coin at random and flip it, what is...
  33. R

    Statistics with Baye's theorem and partitions

    Well the questions and solutions are in one for some and I will type out the rest. Q6 http://img249.imageshack.us/img249/2757/47026197.jpg [Broken] Q4 http://img237.imageshack.us/img237/1802/93774799.jpg [Broken] Q3 http://img3.imageshack.us/img3/5919/34981698.jpg [Broken] Q1...
  34. Pengwuino

    Finding Disjoint Partitions of a Set: A Problem Solved

    I was given a problem where I was to find two disjoint partitions, S_1 and S_2 and a set A such that |A| = 4 and |S_1| = 3 and |S_2| = 3. Now the set I was using and the book eventually used was A = {1,2,3,4} and S_1 = {{1},{2},{3,4}} and S_2 = {{1,2},{3},{4}}. The question I have is probably...
  35. mnb96

    Semigroup partitions and Identity element

    If I have a semigroup S, is it possible to partition the set of element S into two semigroups S_1 and S_2 (with S_1 \cap S_2 = 0), in such a way that S_1 has an identity element but S_2 has none?
  36. W

    Windows Partitions & Folders: FAQs

    please can u help me ? IN Windows environment : 1- what is the max. no. of partitions that can be made ? 2- why always the color of any folder is yellow ? 3- what is the max. length of the name of the folder ? 4- why there is no partition named B ? thx
  37. R

    Need help with unique integer partitions?

    This is causing me a bigger headache than I anticipated. Basically, given an integer N and a number M, I need a list of all the possible integer partitions of N into M parts such that each part is strictly positive and each part is UNIQUE. I don't want repetitions. Just unique ones. So for...
  38. J

    What is the Upper and Lower Partition Sum for f(x) = x on [0,1]?

    Homework Statement Let f(x) = x, x \in [0,1], P_{n} = {0, \frac{1}{n}, \frac{2}{n},..., \frac{n}{n} = 1}. Calculate U_{P_{n}}(f) and L_{P_{n}}(f). Homework Equations U_{P_{n}}(f) is the sum of the upper partitions and L_{P_{n}}(f) is the sum of the lower partitions. A hint was...
  39. J

    Is f Integrable on [a,b]?

    Homework Statement Suppose f:[a,b] \rightarrow \Re is bounded and that the sequences {U_{P_{n}}(f)}, {L_{P_{n}}(f)} are covergent and have the same limit L. Prove that f is integrable on [a,b]. Homework Equations U_{P_{n}}(f) is the upper sum of f relative to P, and L_{P_{n}}(f) is the...
  40. X

    Partitions of unity: support of a function

    in my readings, spivak or elsewhere, I've come across this several times but i don't have the formal training (maturity) to know how to use it. intuitively: by the atlas maps on the manifold, we can chop up a manifold into patchs. for each patch, by smoothness or something, there is a smooth...
  41. L

    How many ways can you partition 10 identical balls into 3 identical boxes?

    How many ways can you place 10 identical balls into 3 identical boxes? Note: Up to two boxes may be empty. I approached this problem as: Let B represent ball Let 0 represent nothing (empty) |box wall| 0 0 B B B B B B B B B B |box wall| So, there must be two other box walls that...
  42. C

    Equivalence Relation and Associated Partition

    Homework Statement (proof) Determine whether or not (x,y)~(w,z) if and only if y=w is an equivalence relation. If it is, then describe the associated partition. Homework Equations The Attempt at a Solution Let x be an element of the reals. It is known that a relation on a set X...
  43. K

    Counting partitions with two givens

    Hi Is there a relatively easy way to calculate the number of partitions of a number given the maximum term and the count of terms? A couple of examples: 25 has four partitions with five terms where each term is unique and the largest term is 8 {8,6,5,4,2} {8,7,5,3,2} {8,7,5,4,1} {8,7,6,3,1}...
  44. F

    Kakuro is based on partitions of integers

    Does anyone do these? Sudoku is based on magic squares, Kakuro is based on partitions of integers. I haven't really tried solving any yet but my first impression was that Kakuro is generally tougher than Sudoku (for me anyway). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakuro
  45. T

    Partitions of Unity: Exploring Their Meaning

    what are they exactly?
  46. Mallignamius

    Moving files among partitions = defragmentation?

    With several partitions on a HD, if I move all the files from one partition to another, then back, doesn't that equate to a defragmentation? Strange question, I know.
  47. B

    Are These Collections of Subsets Partitions of the Set of Integers?

    Hi I need help with this problem I have some trouble with partitions: Homework Statement The context is Discrete math /relation Which of these collections of subsets are partitions of the set of integers? 1- The set of even integer and the set of odd integers. 2- the set of...
  48. mattmns

    Number of Partitions of equal length (of a set)

    Not really homework, but something that our professor asked us the other day. Here is the question (I think): Let S be a set with #S=8. Find the number of partitions of S with equal length. ------- That probably makes no sense, namely the equal length part, so let me elaborate. Note: Let P be...
  49. G

    Integer Partition Restriction: Solving for q When k is Limited

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integer_partition The above link should set the context. Given an integer q, the total number of partitions is given by partition function p(q). For example, 4 = 4 = 3+1 = 2 + 2 = 2 + 1 + 1 = 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 So, p(4) = 5. In mathematica, one can...
  50. M

    Proving the Orbits and Partitions Problem in Group Permutations

    Problem: "Let G be a group of permutations of a set S. Prove that the orbits of the members of S constitute a partition of S." I'm a little hazy on how to start this proof. I started by writing down the definition of the Orbit of any element in S. I'm guessing, so correct me if I'm...
Back
Top