What is Smooth: Definition and 225 Discussions

Smooth muscle is an involuntary non-striated muscle, so-called because it has no sarcomeres and therefore no striations. It is divided into two subgroups, single-unit and multiunit smooth muscle. Within single-unit muscle, the whole bundle or sheet of smooth muscle cells contracts as a syncytium.
Smooth muscle is found in the walls of hollow organs, including the stomach, intestines, bladder and uterus; in the walls of passageways, such as blood, and lymph vessels, and in the tracts of the respiratory, urinary, and reproductive systems. In the eyes, the ciliary muscle, a type of smooth muscle, dilate and contract the iris and alter the shape of the lens. In the skin, smooth muscle cells such as those of the arrector pili cause hair to stand erect in response to cold temperature or fear.

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  1. cianfa72

    I Smooth coordinate chart on spacetime manifold

    Hi, I'm puzzled about the definition of smooth coordinate chart for a manifold (e.g. spacetime). From my point of view there is no invariant way to define a smooth coordinate chart since a coordinate system is smooth only w.r.t. another coordinate system already defined on the given manifold...
  2. A

    A Regarding fibrations between smooth manifolds

    Definitions: 1. A map ##p : X → Y## of smooth manifolds is called a trivial fibration with fiber ##Z## which is also a smooth manifold, if there is a diffeomorphism ##θ : X → Y ×Z## such that ##p## is the composition of ##θ## with the natural projection ##pr_1:Y × Z → Y##. 2. A map ##p: X →Y##...
  3. A

    A A claim about smooth maps between smooth manifolds

    Given the definition of a smooth map as follows: A continuous map ##f : X → Y## is smooth if for any pair of charts ##\phi : U →R^m, \psi:V →R^n## with ##U ⊂ X, V ⊂Y##, the map ##\phi(U ∩f^{-1}(V)) → R^n## given by the composition $$\psi ◦ f ◦ \phi^{-1}$$ is smooth. Claim: A map ##f : X → Y##...
  4. Euge

    POTW Smooth proper self-maps on Rn

    Let ##f : \mathbb{R}^n \to \mathbb{R}^n## be a smooth proper map that is not surjective. If ##\omega## is a generator of ##H^n_c(\mathbb{R}^n)## (the ##n##th de Rham cohomology of ##\mathbb{R}^n## with compact supports), show that $$\int_{\mathbb{R}^n} f^*\omega = 0$$
  5. abdulbadii

    Force to smooth a 1 mm surface bump out of a steel of sheet

    Roughly, how much force does it take to make 1 mm surface bump of diameter 16 mm circle area out of 1 mm thick steel plate of far larger area (e.g. a muscled hand pounding it laid over the base with 16 mm dia. hole by M16 bolt medium is viable enough) ?
  6. M

    I Several Questions About Smooth Infinitesimal Analysis

    Hello. I read about smooth infinitesimal analysis and I have several questions: 1.What does "ε.1" and "ε.0" mean in this proof? (photo1) (https://publish.uwo.ca/~jbell/basic.pdf , page 5-6) 2. For what purpose do we use Kock-Lawvere axiom when we deal with law of excluded middle? (photo2)...
  7. M

    I Proving Continuous Functions in Smooth Infinitesimal Analysis

    Hello. How to prove that in smooth infinitesimal analysis every function on R is continuous? (Every function whose domain is R, the real numbers, is continuous and infinitely differentiable.) Thanks.
  8. D

    I Is the projective space a smooth manifold?

    Suppose you have the map $$\pi : \mathbb{R}^{n+1}-\{0\} \longrightarrow \mathbb{P}^n$$. I need to prove that the map is differentiable. But this map is a chart of $$\mathbb{P}^n$$ so by definition is differentiable? MENTOR NOTE: fixed Latex mistakes double $ signs and backslashes needed for math
  9. brotherbobby

    B Rod resting against a smooth peg

    Statement : Here is the statement from the text that I paste to the right. Diagram : Does anyone have a diagram (image) as to how does the situation look? Normal Reaction : When a rod rests against a smooth wall, we know that the direction of the reaction is normal to the wall. I understand...
  10. xxxyzzz

    Engineering Drawing FBD: Cable Passes Over a Smooth Peg

    Attempting to draw the FBD for this problem but was wondering what to do about the cable, especially when I determine the internal loadings at E. At C, do I only draw one force arrow (CB), or draw both on the left and right side?
  11. cianfa72

    I Maps with the same image are actually different curves?

    Hi, I've a doubt about the definition of curve. A smooth curve in ##\mathbb R^2## is defined by the application ##\gamma : I \rightarrow \mathbb R^2##. Consider two maps ##\gamma## and ##\gamma'## that happen to have the same image (or trace) in ##\mathbb R^2##. At a given point on the...
  12. P

    A Solving Schrödinger's Equation with a Smooth Potential Wall: A Detailed Guide

    Hello everyone, I'm looking for help for the problem 3 of the chapter III. Schrödinger's equation, §25 The transmission coefficient of the Volume 3 of the Landau-Lifshitz book (non-relativistic QM). In this exercise Landau considers a smooth potential wall $$\frac{U_0}{1 + \exp{\left(-\alpha x...
  13. adan

    B I want to smooth this function plot

    Hi, I have the following function, which is computed by: (x+n)/(x+y+n+m), where x, y are real numbers n, m are natural numbers What techniques I can use to smooth the function preventing it to jump up or down at an early stage. I would appreciate your suggestion. Thanks
  14. docnet

    Is there a smooth function in the unit ball with compact support?

    Is there a function that takes positive values only in the unit ball not including the boundary points defined by the set ##\{x^2+y^2+z^2<1\}##, and ##0## everywhere else?
  15. docnet

    Why smooth spherical waves with attenuation are only possible in 3-D

    Hi all, My question is about the attenuation and delay terms in part (1). what are attenuation and delay terms describing in physical phenomenon? thank you. What do "attenuation" and "delay" mean in terms of real-life physical phenomena? Consider the wave equation for spherical waves in...
  16. U

    I Fixing an orientation for a connected smooth surface

    I am studying on Zorich, Mathematical Analysis II, 1st ed. pag. 174-175. After having properly explained how orientations (equivalence classes) are defined for smooth k-dimensional surfaces in ##\mathbb {R} ^ n## that can be described with a single map, move on to the more general case by...
  17. U

    I A Zorich proposition about local charts of smooth surfaces

    From Zorich, Mathematical Analysis II, 1st ed., pag.163: where the referred mapping (12.1) is a map ##\varphi:I_k\to U_S(x_0)##, in which: 1. ##I_k\subset\mathbb{R}^n## is the k-dimensional unit cube, 2. ##x_0## is a generic point on the surface ##S## and ##U_S(x_0)## is a neighborhood of...
  18. U

    I Unclear steps in a Zorich proof (Measurable sets and smooth mappings)

    From Zorich, Mathematical Analysis II, sec. 11.5.2: where as one can read from the statement, the sets could also be unbounded. I do not report here the proof of the fact a), beacuse I have no doubt about it and one can, without the presence of dark steps in the reasoning, assume a) as...
  19. S

    B How to select the smooth atlas to use for spacetime?

    I'm studying differential geometry basics for general relativity (no specific source, just googling around). I know that spacetime is modeled as a ##4##-dimensional smooth manifold. Smooth manifold means that we consider a restriction of the maximal atlas such that all charts in it are...
  20. Spinnor

    I A set of numbers as a smooth curved changing manifold.

    Edit, the vector that rotates below might not rotate at all. Please forgive any mistaken statements or sloppiness on my part below. I think that by some measure a helicoid can be considered a smooth curved 2 dimensional surface except for a line of points? Consider not the helicoid above...
  21. Addez123

    Smooth rolling ball rolls down hill, how far can it fly?

    Figure of the problem. There are many exercises like these, and I've read the whole chapter and I got no clue where to start here. Kinetic energy from gravity is: E = mgh = 39.3m I could try change v to ωr in the K equation but it will leave me nowhere because I don't have the mass nor the...
  22. Shivam

    A smooth massless wedge is pushed by a horizontal Force P....

    Answers- 1,3,4 My attempt, the wedge being massless, there shoul not be any force acting on as it will then have infinite acceleration, so by that i really can't think of how force is applied on pully.
  23. D

    Gradient & Smooth Surfaces: Implicit Function Theorem

    Section ##3.8## talks about the gradient and smooth surfaces, defining when the directional derivative ##(\partial f/\partial\mathbf{u})(\mathbf{p})## takes maximum value and that when it equals ##0##, then ##\mathbf{u}## is a unit vector orthogonal to ##(grad\ f)(\mathbf{p})##.It also says that...
  24. Avatrin

    A Logical foundations of smooth manifolds

    Hi I am currently trying to learn about smooth manifolds (Whitneys embedding theorem and Stokes theorem are core in the course I am taking). However, progress for me is slow. I remember that integration theory and probability became a lot easier for me after I learned some measure theory. This...
  25. C

    MHB Piecewise Continuous and piecewise smooth functions

    I do not know to start. Here is the problem.Determine if the given function is piecewise continuous, piecewise smooth, or neither. Here $x\neq0$ is in the interval $[-1,1]$ and $f(0)=0$ in all cases. 1. $f(x)=sin(\frac{1}{x})$ 2. $f(x)=xsin(\frac{1}{x})$ 3. $f(x)={x}^{2}sin(\frac{1}{x})$ 4...
  26. Matt Benesi

    B Periodic smooth alternating series other than sin and cos

    1) Are there any periodic alternating series functions other than sine and cosine (and series derived from them, like the series for cos(a) * cos(b))? 2) What is the following series called when x is (0,1) and (1,2]? Quasiperiodic? Semi? \sum_{n=0}^\infty \, (-1)^n \...
  27. Math Amateur

    MHB Smooth Structures .... Dundas, Example 2.2.6 .... ....

    I am reading Bjorn Ian Dundas' book: "A Short Course in Differential Topology" ... I am focused on Chapter 2: Smooth Manifolds ... ... I need help in order to fully understand Example 2.2.6 ... ... Example 2.2.6 reads as follows: My questions are as follows: Question 1 In the above text...
  28. cianfa72

    I Injective immersion that is not a smooth embedding

    Hi, I'm aware of a typical example of injective immersion that is not a topological embedding: figure 8 ##\beta: (-\pi, \pi) \to \mathbb R^2##, with ##\beta(t)=(\sin 2t,\sin t)## As explained here an-injective-immersion-that-is-not-a-topological-embedding the image of ##\beta## is compact in...
  29. L

    A What uniquely characterizes the germ of a smooth function?

    Let ##X## be the set of all functions infinitely differentiable at ##0##. Let's define an equivalence relation on $X$ by saying that ##f\sim g## if there exists a sufficiently small open interval ##I## containing ##0## such that ##f(x)=g(x)## for all ##x## in ##I##. Then the set of germs of...
  30. Telemachus

    I Product of two 2D smooth functions

    Hi there. It is obvious that if you have two differentiable functions ##f(x)## and ##g(x)##, then the product ##h(x)=f(x)g(x)## is also smooth, from the chain rule. But if now these functions are multivariate, and I have that ##h(x,y)=f(x)g(y)##, that is ##f(x,y)=f(x)## for all y, and similarly...
  31. L

    A Family of curves tangent to a smooth distribution of lines

    Hi, Given a smooth distribution of lines in R2, could we assert that there is a unique distribution of curves such that: - the family of curves "fill in" R2 completely - every curve is tangent at every point to one of the smooth distribution of lines
  32. T

    Finding a Piecewise Smooth Parametric Curve for the Astroid

    Homework Statement Find a piecewise smooth parametric curve to the astroid. The astroid, given by $\phi(\theta) = (cos^3(\theta),sin^3(\theta))$, is not smooth, as we see singular points at 0, pi/2, 3pi/2, and 2pi. However is there a piecewise smooth curve? Homework Equations $\phi(\theta) =...
  33. J

    A Can Smooth Functions be Extended on Manifolds?

    I have been stuck several days with the following problem. Suppose M and N are smooth manifolds, U an open subset of M , and F: U → N is smooth. Show that there exists a neighborhood V of any p in U, V contained in U, such that F can be extended to a smooth mapping F*: M → N with...
  34. Z

    A Pushforward of Smooth Vector Fields

    Hello everyone, my question is: what are the criteria that must be satisfied for the pushforward of a smooth vector field to be a smooth vector field on its own right? Consider a smooth map \phi : M \longrightarrow N between the smooth manifolds M and N. The pushforward associated with this map...
  35. G

    I Magnus effect: Why smooth cylinders?

    Hi. All technical implementations of the Magnus effect I can find on Google (such as ships) seem to use fairly smooth cylinders. Why? Shouldn't the efficiency increase with increasing friction between cylinder and fluid, for example with a rough surface or even attaching blades?
  36. I

    Synchronizing Two Threads w/Pthreads for Smooth Presentation

    Two threads share a common buffer (an image, say). One thread (visualization which has an almost fixed delay). The other, image generation can have a delay either much greater or much lesser than the fixed one. What is the best paradigm to synchronize these threads using pthreads in order to...
  37. Math Amateur

    MHB Smooth Paths in Complex Analysis .... Palka Example 1.3, Section 1.2 in Chapter 4 .... ....

    I am reading Bruce P. Palka's book: An Introduction to Complex Function Theory ... I am focused on Chapter 4: Complex Integration, Section 1.2 Smooth and Piecewise Smooth Paths ... I need help with some aspects of Example 1.3, Section 1.2, Chapter 4 ... Example 1.3, Section 1.2, Chapter 4...
  38. L

    A Can I find a smooth vector field on the patches of a torus?

    I am looks at problems that use the line integrals ##\frac{i}{{2\pi }}\oint_C A ## over a closed loop to evaluate the Chern number ##\frac{i}{{2\pi }}\int_T F ## of a U(1) bundle on a torus . I am looking at two literatures, in the first one the torus is divided like this then the Chern number...
  39. A

    Thrust Bearings and Smooth Journal Bearings reaction moment?

    Ok, so this is an undergraduate level question probably but consider this R. C. Hibbeler's Textbook on Mechanics of Materials says this about thrust bearings and smooth journal Bearings : In other words, it says nothing about reaction moments. Now this chart has other 2D connection types...
  40. B

    B GR Curvature at Light Cone Surface: Smooth, Bent, Blocked?

    For example, the curvature due to a mass; does that curvature continue passing from within to outside the mass's light cone? If so, is the mass subject to the external curvature? If not, does the curvature have a discontinuity at the light cone surface?
  41. kelvin490

    MATLAB Matlab -- how to make a smooth contour plot?

    I want to represent data with 2 variables in 2D format. The value is represented by color and the 2 variables as the 2 axis. I am using the contourf function to plot my data: load('data.mat') cMap=jet(256); F2=figure(1); [c,h]=contourf(xrow,ycol,BDmatrix); set(h, 'edgecolor','none'); Both xrow...
  42. P

    Bowling Ball rolling on a smooth floor

    Hi there! I chanced upon this problem whilst trying to brush up my Classical Mech knowledge and found it confusing. Hope someone out there can provide an insight! Homework Statement A bowling ball of mass m and radius R sits on the smooth floor of a subway car. If the car has a horizontal...
  43. M

    B Why should spacetime/manifold be smooth?

    Why can't spacetime or manifold be crumpled like a piece of rug or paper.. why should it be smooth? Does it have to do with time or the geodesics discontinuous or time sporatic if it is not smooth?
  44. M

    Show there exists a smooth (bump) function....

    Homework Statement For a1 < a2 < b2 < b1 and c > 0 real numbers show that there exists a smooth (bump) function f : R → R with the following property: f(x) = ... - 0 if x ≤ a and x ≥ b - c if a2 ≤ x ≤ b2 - monotonic...
  45. M

    Proving length of Polygon = length of smooth curve

    Homework Statement The problem statement is in the attached picture file and this thread will focus on question 7 Homework Equations The length of a curve formula given in the problem statement Take a polygon in R^n as an n-tuple of vectors (a0,...,ak) where we imagine the vectors, ai, as the...
  46. A

    MHB Vector-valued function is smooth over an interval

    I am reading Larson's Calculus textbook and come across this paragraph about vector-valued function: The parametrization of the curve represented by the vector-valued function $$\textbf{r}(t) = f(t)\textbf{i} + g(t)\textbf{j} + h(t)k$$ is smooth on an open interval $I$ when $f'$, $g'$ and...
  47. S

    Is Acceleration/Decceleration smooth?

    Firstly I must say if this is in a wrong sub-forum I apologise. This is my first post and I'm new to the website so please bare with me. Also I was unsure of the Prefix so I again apologise if that to, was incorrect. But my Question is that is the acceleration (or deceleration) of an object...
  48. Dee Flont

    B Is the smooth dark matter deBroglie's subquantic medium?

    https://www.inverse.com/article/24863-dark-matter-might-be-smoother-than-we-thought Scientists have yet to actually observe dark matter in the flesh, but most research up to now posits it’s the kind of stuff that clumps up and aggregates into unwieldy masses around the universe. New research...
  49. J

    I Hamiltonian for mass on a smooth fixed hemisphere

    I am trying to figure out how to get the Hamiltonian for a mass on a fixed smooth hemisphere. Using Thorton from example 7.10 page 252 My main question is about the Potential energy= mgrcosineθ is the generalized momenta Pdotθ supposed to be equal to zero because θ is cyclic? Or is Pdotθ=...
  50. caffeinemachine

    MHB Composition by the Cube Root is Smooth

    Let $f:\mathbf R\to \mathbf R$ be a smooth map and $g:\mathbf R\to \mathbf R$ be defined as $g(x)=f(x^{1/3})$ for all $x\in \mathbf R$. Problem. Then $g$ is smooth if and only if $f^{(n)}(0)$ is $0$ whenever $n$ is not an integral multiple of $3$. One direction is easy. Assume $g$ is smooth...
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