Most ice in the arctic ocean is drift ice. It is floating and moves according to the winds and currents. Sea ice is another word for drift ice.
Ice shelves are also technically floating although they are attached to the land so they don't move. Ice shelves are called "fast ice", because it...
Thanks again SW.
A focus team meeting was held today regarding the testing plan.
Practicality is a major factor, so our team recommendation was to test 28 machines.
These are the easiest & cheapest population to test, which also contains the 20 most likely to fail. At least it is a start...
Thanks SW;
I do have a MODEL for predicting performance of each machine.
Not sure how good it is, but suspect that it is conservative.
That is to say, the MODEL seems to be over stating the deterioration of each machine.
So, perhaps instead of picking machines at random to test, I could pick...
Need assurance that a population of 185 devices are OPERABLE.
A MODEL has been developed for prediction of each devices condition.
Periodically, it is necessary to TEST the devices in case the MODEL is wrong.
However, it is expensive to TEST these devices.
Therefore, it would make sense to...
The weighting factors for x-rays, gamma rays, electrons, positrons and muons is 1.
Neutrons range from 2 to 20 depending on their energy.
Alpha particles are 20!
Consequently, alpha radiation is far more dangerous to human health.
X-rays, gamma rays and electrons generally form diffused ions...
My impression is the timeline outlined in Wikipedia is about all we know from a scientific point of view:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Earth
Notice that there was a time that Earth had no atmosphere; immediately after the big impact.
Cooling; the Milankovitch theory as tuned by Imbrie predicts that the long-term cooling
trend which began some 6000 years ago would otherwise continue for 23,000 years.
http://math.virginia.edu/~ji2k/Home/Papers/Imbrie-Imbrie.pdf [Broken]
my bad; it's the Novac7 that uses electrons.
Anyhow, the average survival rate for breast cancer patients with a similar diagnosis as my wife are excellent (Invasive Ductal Carcinoma Stage 1, Grade 2 ER/PR positive, clear margins without lymph node involvement). Radiation is considered...
Thanks tiny-tim;
I was missing the tissue weighing factor...
It's a treatment for Breast Cancer, so that would include
both skin and breast tissue.
Weighing factors according to Wikipedia:
skin 0.01
breast 0.05
However, Wikipedia also claims 1 Gy = 115Rad
So, skin dose would be 4.4 Rem...
Does anybody know how to convert Gray's to mrem?
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TomoTherapy
My wife is thinking of undergoing a treatment using the above machine.
The "Plan" is a total of 38.5 Gy in 10 sessions over 5 days.
A Gy is about 115 Rad.
Since this machine uses electrons, the...
It's a complex problem and I'm not about to solve it.
Conceptually it's fairly straight forward to calculate the amount of water vapor in a given volume of air. However, in the atmosphere temperature generally decreases with rising altitude and the saturation point of water is reached. This...
El Nino's don't happen every year, because they occur near the equator where seasonal variations of the sun are minimal.
It's is an oscillation of hot and cold waters. The time to charge and discharge are influenced by weather systems which are chaotic. Typical frequency if 5 years, but can...
ARkStorm stands for Atmospheric River 1000 Storm (k=1000).
It's meant to represent a storm that happens on average about every 1000 years.
As the other link stated, significant storms have occurred in the past: 212, 440, 603, 1029, 1418, 1605 and 1862.
Figure 11.12 of the following link...
When ice forms out of sea water, salt is mostly excluded from the ice. The left over brine, is very dense and sinks downward.
The North Atlantic Drift is a thermohaline driven current. That is to say, as warmers waters cool and eventually freeze to form sea ice, they become denser and sink...
Freezing weather in Europe?
For starters the Arctic Oscillation is offscale low and has been for a while:
Notice that NOAA needs to redraw the scale on this index; it's that low.
Anyhow, the extreme AO may be caused by a lack of sea ice,
which also happens to currently be at...
The University of Washington Polar Science Center has a number of publications:
http://psc.apl.washington.edu/publications/publications.php [Broken]
They also provide a nice graph of the Arctic Sea Ice Volume anomaly:
Arctic Sea Ice reaches a seasonal minimum in September.
Monthly...
Here:
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<< link added by Mentor >> http://www.runnersworld.com/article/0,7120,s6-242-304-311-8402-0,00.html
No; this maybe what the other poster was trying to get at about bad science.
For a variety of reasons, we know that fructose is not the healthiest sugar.
Its link to obesity is the primary problem, but there may be others as well such as cancer.
While it is common in many natural foods such...
One more reason to avoid/minimize consumption of soft drinks and the like:
http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/70/15/6368.abstract
Notice that the above study examined only pancreatic cancer cells. However, the mechanism could easily apply to numerous other types of cancers...
There are several Professionals moderating various topics at the RealClimate website: http://www.realclimate.org/ Probably more likely to get a response there than from emailing universities.
Concerning comparisons of our current interglacial and past interglacials; these are likely due to...
The key point here being that there is a difference between self-reported sleep duration and that which is objectively measured. Sleep measured by a wrist actigraph typically less than what is self-reported.
"Time-in-bed, sleep efficiency and the timing of melatonin metabolite excretion were...
The notion that Granite is formed thru some type of dehydration process is wrong.
Basalt is denser than Granite due to predominance of heavier oxides such as CaO, FeO & MgO at the expense of lighter SiO2.
Sorry, but this a statement from somebody with limited working knowledge of radiation sources at a BWR.
Fuel integrity at BWR's has historically been sufficiently high that there are no detectable fission product particulates in the main turbine. The majority of BWRs' have completely intact...
At it's warmest during those periods, Antarctica was not tropical like.
Instead, the polar regions were at most a temperate rainforest.
Deep ocean currents are known to have been much warmer than they are now.
The tropics were larger and the temperature gradient between the equator and poles...
Obviously the sun heats the ocean, but it's so large that solar cycle variations in the suns output are not noticeable in the bulk temperature of the ocean.
Keep in mind that the temperature of an object is a function of both input vs output.
So, if the heat loss of the ocean were...
That map is misleading, since the zero is a color as opposed to being a neutral gray or white.
Compare it to the NCDC map:
http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/research/sst/weekly-sst.php [Broken]
You'll see that while their is a cold region in the Atlantic, it's dwarfed by several larger...
The school I went to didn't offer an undergrad nuclear engineering degree either, so I took a couple of grad courses instead... if you've got the grades and talk to the Professors, they may let you in.
The fish of the fossil lived between 30 to 100 million years before fish had evolved legs and started walking on land. So, there were plenty of land creatures by the time.
Lots of coal beds were being laid down at the time because there were lots of plant life on land especially in marshy...
opps, the first map I looked at had 2 colors (navy blue and black) for different geologies.
One of those colors was near Swansea and my computer didn't display the difference very well.
On a second map, it appears clearer that Swansea has a coal measure geology.
That would be the upper...
Not true.
This risk is equivalent to that which people living
within the arctic circle currently face.
Many people will probably not even notice a problem.
Sometimes low rates of heartbeats can be caused by dehydration (thickening of the blood). High hemocrit levels are not safe.
Another possibility is a low metabolism.
Of course it's also possible that the heart is just more efficient than most (one does not need to be athletic to have a good...
Since modern humans have never observed a geomagnetic reversal, we can't be too sure about what the precise impact may be on electronics and our electrical grid. However, we do know that our ancestors (homo erectus) survived numerous reversals. There are also no wide spread die offs of life...