What Causes the Flavor Change in Beta Minus Decay?

In summary, beta minus decay involves the transformation of a neutron into a proton, electron and electron antineutrino through the weak nuclear force and W- boson. The W- boson is considered a virtual particle in this process. Scientists prove the existence of virtual particles through their accurate predictions for observable processes. The W- boson is necessary to explain the features of beta decay and is detected through its decay into leptons, with the momentum spectrum of the observed leptons showing a peak at a certain momentum. The reality of the W boson is determined by whether it follows the on-shell condition.
  • #1
Jimmy87
686
17
Hi, I'm just trying to get my head around beta decay and would appreciate it if someone could correct me if I'm wrong.

Beta minus decay involves the transformation of a neutron into a proton, electron and electron antineutrino. This is all mediated by the weak nuclear force and involves W and Z bosons. In the case of beta minus decay it involves a W- boson which is released when the neutron turns into a proton. The W- boson then rapidly decays into an electron and an antielectron neutrino. The mass of the products is less than the mass of the reactants which is explained by binding energy where the products (electrons and antineutrinos) have high kinetic energy which compensates for the missing mass. I just had a couple of questions:

As I understand it, the neutron undergoes a quark flavor change which is why it transforms into a proton. What causes the flavor change? Is it the W- boson?

Also, could someone clarify what is meant by a virtual particle? As I understand it, the term is somewhat arbitrary and refers to a particle that is very short lived, e.g. W- boson. Is the W- boson in beta minus decay a virtual particle? How do scientists prove virtual particles exist?
 
Physics news on Phys.org
  • #2
Jimmy87 said:
What causes the flavor change? Is it the W- boson?
"Cause" is a problematic word in physics. The flavor change corresponds to the emission of a (virtual) W, yes.

Jimmy87 said:
Also, could someone clarify what is meant by a virtual particle?
The proton does not have enough energy to produce a real W (with a mass of about ~90 times the proton mass). The produced object in the decay has some properties of a W, but it is not a real particle.
There are real W bosons, for example in the decays of top quarks (they have much more mass than a W).
Jimmy87 said:
How do scientists prove virtual particles exist?
How do you define "existence"? The models with virtual particles give very good predictions for the observable processes (like beta decays).
 
  • Like
Likes Jimmy87
  • #3
A reasonable good description of a virtual particle - "A particle which can exist only within the constraints of the uncertainty principle is called a "virtual particle", and the time in the expression above represents the maximum lifetime of the virtual exchange particle."
Ref: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/forces/exchg.html

See also - http://pdg.web.cern.ch/pdg/cpep/unc_vir.html
and - http://teachers.web.cern.ch/teachers/archiv/HST2005/bubble_chambers/BCwebsite/articles/06.pdf
and - http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/are-virtual-particles-rea/

In beta decay, a neutron (udd) decays into a proton (uud), so d-quark transforms to a u-quark.
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/nuclear/beta.html#c2
 
Last edited:
  • Like
Likes Jimmy87
  • #4
mfb said:
"Cause" is a problematic word in physics. The flavor change corresponds to the emission of a (virtual) W, yes.

The proton does not have enough energy to produce a real W (with a mass of about ~90 times the proton mass). The produced object in the decay has some properties of a W, but it is not a real particle.
There are real W bosons, for example in the decays of top quarks (they have much more mass than a W).
How do you define "existence"? The models with virtual particles give very good predictions for the observable processes (like beta decays).

Thanks for the information. If the W- boson is not real where is it (and other virtual particles) needed? What I mean is, what is it that the W- explains in the beta minus decay that it couldn't if we did not include it in the model? Also could anyone explain what people mean when they say an antineutrino is going backwards in time?
 
  • #5
Jimmy87 said:
If the W- boson is not real where is it (and other virtual particles) needed?
In our description of the decay.
Jimmy87 said:
What I mean is, what is it that the W- explains in the beta minus decay that it couldn't if we did not include it in the model?
The beta decay.
Not completely true, there is a model without W, but that does not work any more once we go to higher energies.
Jimmy87 said:
Also could anyone explain what people mean when they say an antineutrino is going backwards in time?
Please start a new thread for completely unrelated questions.
 
  • Like
Likes Jimmy87
  • #6
What I mean is, what is it that the W- explains in the beta minus decay that it couldn't if we did not include it in the model?

Before including the W bosons as mediators, we had the 4-point Fermi Interaction to describe processes such as beta decay and so on...So...
If there was no W bosons in the interaction, then it would have to be described by the Fermi 4-point interaction. That theory is problematic because it is non-renormalizable...
 
  • #7
mfb said:
In our description of the decay.
The beta decay.
Not completely true, there is a model without W, but that does not work any more once we go to higher energies.
Please start a new thread for completely unrelated questions.

Thanks for the info. So if W- bosons in beta decay are virtual then, by definition, they are not observable but are required to explain the features of beta decay - I get that now. But how do scientists detect REAL W bosons? What sort of interaction involves a real W boson that can be detected?
 
  • #8
You can't detect real W bosons because they decay fast into leptons...
Mainly the channels you are looking into is the W boson to give lepton + missing energy (corresponding to the fleeing neutrino)... What you actually measure is then the lepton.

How do we determine that the W boson was real? the "reality" versus "virtuality" is translated into "on-shell" or "off-shell" W bosons. The on-shell condition means that the W boson obeys the [itex]E^2 = p_W^2 +M_W^2[/itex] relation, something that the off-shell doesn't (they appear to have arbitrary masses)...
That is done by looking at the momentum spectrum of the observed leptons... if the W boson was real, the spectrum shows a peak at some lepton momentum at [itex]p_e^{max}=M_W/2[/itex] (if the W boson is at rest). The rest [itex]M/2[/itex] energy is shared with the neutrino and so gets lost/unobserved.
 
Last edited:
  • Like
Likes Jimmy87
  • #9
ChrisVer said:
Mainly the channels you are looking into is the W boson to give lepton + missing energy (corresponding to the fleeing neutrino)... What you actually measure is then the lepton.
And the missing energy.
The decays to two quarks are easy to find as well, as you get a nice peak for the reconstructed invariant mass.
 
  • #10
Well, the missing energy is determined by the measurement of the lepton [and momentum conservation] :D So I was half but essentially complete.

How do they distinguish the W decay in the quark case from the QCD background? From the hadron energies?
 
  • #11
With additional requirements for the event, like asking for a second W.
DELPHI 2008, the mass peaks are on page 29 (26 with their own numbering).
OPAL 2005, pages 18/17 and 19/18 and 26/25

I didn't see a mass measurement with quarks from the Tevatron or the LHC, so they don't see it clear enough apparently.
 
  • Like
Likes ChrisVer

What is beta minus decay?

Beta minus decay is a type of radioactive decay in which an unstable nucleus emits a beta particle, which is a high-energy electron, and is transformed into a more stable nucleus.

How does beta minus decay occur?

In beta minus decay, a neutron in the nucleus is converted into a proton, and an electron and an antineutrino are emitted. This process results in a decrease in the number of neutrons and an increase in the number of protons within the nucleus.

What is the difference between beta minus decay and beta plus decay?

The main difference between beta minus decay and beta plus decay is the type of particle that is emitted from the nucleus. In beta minus decay, an electron is emitted, while in beta plus decay, a positron (a positively charged electron) is emitted.

What is the role of the weak nuclear force in beta minus decay?

The weak nuclear force is responsible for the transformation of a neutron into a proton and the emission of a beta particle in beta minus decay. It is one of the four fundamental forces of nature and is responsible for many types of radioactive decay.

What are some practical applications of beta minus decay?

Beta minus decay has various applications in different fields, including nuclear medicine, nuclear power generation, and carbon dating. For example, the beta minus decay of radioactive isotopes is used in cancer treatments, and the heat produced by beta minus decay is used to generate electricity in nuclear power plants.

Similar threads

  • High Energy, Nuclear, Particle Physics
Replies
4
Views
2K
  • High Energy, Nuclear, Particle Physics
Replies
3
Views
2K
  • High Energy, Nuclear, Particle Physics
Replies
3
Views
1K
  • High Energy, Nuclear, Particle Physics
Replies
9
Views
996
  • High Energy, Nuclear, Particle Physics
Replies
21
Views
1K
  • High Energy, Nuclear, Particle Physics
Replies
8
Views
1K
  • High Energy, Nuclear, Particle Physics
Replies
4
Views
1K
  • High Energy, Nuclear, Particle Physics
Replies
3
Views
2K
  • High Energy, Nuclear, Particle Physics
Replies
11
Views
1K
  • High Energy, Nuclear, Particle Physics
Replies
5
Views
1K
Back
Top