Evaluating $(-1)^k {3n \choose k}$ Sums

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In summary, the expression $(-1)^k {3n \choose k}$ represents a sum of binomial coefficients with alternating signs, dependent on the values of k and n. To evaluate this sum, the binomial theorem can be used, and the possible values of the expression depend on the parity of k and the value of n. The expression can be further simplified using the formula for binomial coefficients, and it can be used in various scientific applications, including probability, statistics, and combinatorics.
  • #1
lfdahl
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Evaluate the sum:

$$S_n =\sum_{k=0}^{n}(-1)^k{3n \choose k}, \;\;\;n=1,2,...$$
 
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Hint:

Use Pascal´s triangle.
 
  • #3
Binomial Sum

Suggested solution:
Pascal´s triangle is constructed by the relation:

\[\binom{n}{k} = \binom{n-1}{k-1}+\binom{n-1}{k}\]

Using this in our expression yields a telescoping sum:

\[S_n = \sum_{k=0}^{n}(-1)^k\left ( \binom{3n-1}{k-1}+\binom{3n-1}{k} \right ) \\\\ =\binom{3n-1}{-1}+\binom{3n-1}{0}-\binom{3n-1}{0}-\binom{3n-1}{1}+\binom{3n-1}{1}+...+(-1)^n\binom{3n-1}{n} \\\\ = (-1)^n\binom{3n-1}{n}\]

- where I have used the definition \[\binom{m}{-1} = 0, \forall m \in \mathbb{Z}.\] for the first term in the sum.
 
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1. What does the expression $(-1)^k {3n \choose k}$ represent?

The expression $(-1)^k {3n \choose k}$ represents a sum of binomial coefficients with alternating signs. The value of this expression depends on the values of k and n.

2. How do you evaluate a sum with alternating binomial coefficients?

To evaluate a sum with alternating binomial coefficients, you can use the binomial theorem. This theorem states that $(x+y)^n = \sum_{k=0}^n {n \choose k}x^{n-k}y^k$, which can be extended to include negative values of n. By substituting -1 for both x and y, you can simplify the expression $(-1)^k {n \choose k}$ to $(-1)^n$. Then, you can use this simplified expression to evaluate the original sum.

3. What are the possible values of the expression $(-1)^k {3n \choose k}$?

The possible values of the expression $(-1)^k {3n \choose k}$ depend on the values of k and n. When k is even, the expression will be positive, and when k is odd, the expression will be negative. The overall value of the expression will also depend on the value of n.

4. Can the expression $(-1)^k {3n \choose k}$ be simplified further?

Yes, the expression $(-1)^k {3n \choose k}$ can be simplified further using the formula for binomial coefficients, ${n \choose k} = \frac{n!}{k!(n-k)!}$. By substituting this formula into the expression, you can simplify it to $(-1)^k \frac{(3n)!}{k!(3n-k)!}$, which may be easier to evaluate depending on the values of k and n.

5. How can the expression $(-1)^k {3n \choose k}$ be used in scientific applications?

The expression $(-1)^k {3n \choose k}$ can be used in a variety of scientific applications, such as in probability and statistics. It can also be used in combinatorics, where it represents the number of ways to choose k objects from a set of 3n objects with alternating signs. Additionally, this expression can be used in mathematical proofs and calculations involving binomial coefficients.

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