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heman
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what is basically the concept of bound charges in electrodynamics??
electrodynamics, study of phenomena associated with charged bodies in motion and varying electric and magnetic fields (see charge; electricity); since a moving charge produces a magnetic field, electrodynamics is concerned with effects such as magnetism, electromagnetic radiation, and electromagnetic induction, including such practical applications as the electric generator and the electric motor. This area of electrodynamics, often known as classical electrodynamics, was first systematically explained by the physicist James Clerk Maxwell. Maxwell's equations, a set of differential equations, describe the phenomena of this area with great generality. A more recent development is quantum electrodynamics, which was formulated to explain the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter, to which the laws of the quantum theory apply. The physicists P. A. M. Dirac, W. Heisenberg, and W. Pauli were the pioneers in the formulation of quantum electrodynamics. When the velocities of the charged particles under consideration become comparable with the speed of light, corrections involving the theory of relativity must be made; this branch of the theory is called relativistic electrodynamics. It is applied to phenomena involved with particle accelerators and with electron tubes that are subject to high voltages and carry heavy currents.
Quantum electrodynamics (QED), quantum field theory that describes the properties of electromagnetic radiation and its interaction with electrically charged matter in the framework of quantum theory. QED deals with processes involving the creation of elementary particles from electromagnetic energy, and with the reverse processes in which a particle and its antiparticle annihilate each other and produce energy. The fundamental equations of QED apply to the emission and absorption of light by atoms and the basic interactions of light with electrons and other elementary particles. Charged particles interact by emitting and absorbing photons, the particles of light that transmit electromagnetic forces. For this reason, QED is also known as the quantum theory of light.
QED is based on the elements of quantum mechanics laid down by such physicists as P. A. M. Dirac, W. Heisenberg, and W. Pauli during the 1920s, when photons were first postulated. In 1928 Dirac discovered an equation describing the motion of electrons that incorporated both the requirements of quantum theory and the theory of special relativity. During the 1930s, however, it became clear that QED as it was then postulated gave the wrong answers for some relatively elementary problems. For example, although QED correctly described the magnetic properties of the electron and its antiparticle, the positron, it proved difficult to calculate specific physical quantities such as the mass and charge of the particles. It was not until the late 1940s, when experiments conducted during World War II that had used microwave techniques stimulated further work, that these difficulties were resolved. Proceeding independently, Freeman J. Dyson, Richard P. Feynman and Julian S. Schwinger in the United States and Shinichiro Tomonaga in Japan refined and fully developed QED. They showed that two charged particles can interact in a series of processes of increasing complexity, and that each of these processes can be represented graphically through a diagramming technique developed by Feynman. Not only do these diagrams provide an intuitive picture of the process but they show how to precisely calculate the variables involved. The mathematical structures of QED later were adapted to the study of the strong interactions between quarks, which is called quantum chromodynamics.
Bibliography
See R. P. Feynman, QED (1985); P. W. Milonni, The Quantum Vacuum: An Introduction to Quantum Electrodynamics (1994); S. S. Schweber, QED and the Men Who Made It: Dyson, Feynman, Schwinger, and Tomonaga (1994); G. Scharf, Finite Quantum Electrodynamics: The Causal Approach (1995).
heman said:i want to know...in reality what happens...why are they called bound...i want to know what happens physically,nothing more...
Aspiring to see urs replies and Thankful for devoting yours time...
Electrodynamics is the study of the interaction between electric charges and electromagnetic fields. Bound charges are charges that are confined to a specific material, such as the electrons in an atom or molecules in a dielectric material. In electrodynamics, we study how bound charges interact with electromagnetic fields and how they contribute to the overall behavior of the system.
Bound charges are different from free charges in that they are not able to move freely within a material. Free charges, on the other hand, are able to move and flow within a material or in a vacuum. Bound charges are typically found in insulators, while free charges are commonly found in conductors.
Electrostatics is the study of electric charges at rest, while electrodynamics is the study of charges in motion. In electrostatics, we study electric fields and how they interact with stationary charges. In electrodynamics, we also consider the effects of moving charges and the creation of magnetic fields.
Bound charges play a critical role in determining the electrical properties of a material. They can influence the material's ability to store and conduct electricity, as well as its response to external electric fields. Bound charges also contribute to the creation of electric dipoles within a material, which can affect its dielectric properties.
One practical application of understanding bound charges is in the design and operation of capacitors. Capacitors are devices that store electrical energy by separating bound charges on two conductive plates. The amount of charge that a capacitor can store is dependent on the material's ability to hold bound charges and the distance between the plates. Proper understanding of bound charges is crucial in optimizing the performance of capacitors.