# Cauchy Schwarz Inequality

1. Sep 2, 2006

Lets say we have: $$(a_{1}b_{1} + a_{2}b_{2} + ... + a_{n}b_{n})^{2} \leq (a_{1}^{2} + a_{2}^{2} + ... + a_{n}^{2})(b_{1}^{2} + b_{2}^{2} + ... + b_{n}^{2})$$.

Let $$A = a_{1}^{2} + a_{2}^{2} + ... + a_{n}^{2} , B = a_{1}b_{1} + a_{2}b_{2} + ... + a_{n}b_{n}, C = b_{1}^{2} + b_{2}^{2} + ... + b_{n}^{2}$$. Thus we have $$AC \geq B^{2}$$. From $$0\leq (a_{1} + tb_{1})^{2} + (a_{2} + tb_{2})^{2} + ... + (a_{n} + tb_{n})^{2}$$ where $$t$$ is any real number, we obtain $$0 \leq A + 2Bt + Ct^{2}$$. Completing the square, we obtain $$Ct^{2} + 2Bt + A = C(t + \frac{B}{C})^{2} + (A - \frac{B^{2}}{C})$$. From this step, how do we obtain $$0 \leq A - \frac{2B^{2}}{C} + \frac{B^{2}}{C} = \frac{AC-B^{2}}{C}$$, implying that $$AC - B^{2} \geq 0$$?

Thanks

Last edited: Sep 2, 2006
2. Sep 3, 2006

### MathematicalPhysicist

you need to show that for the minimal value of t the inequality still holds.
from algebra we know that for C>=0 t=-B/C.

3. Sep 3, 2006

### nocturnal

Why complete the square? The graph of $Ct^2 + 2Bt + A$ is that of a porabola opening upwards. Since this quadratic equation is greater than or equal to zero for all values of t there can either be a single root of multiplicity 2, or none at all. What does this tell you about the discriminant of the equation?

Last edited: Sep 3, 2006
4. Sep 3, 2006

yeah, but I am referring this out of Courant's book. Just trying to see how he approached it. $$B^{2} - 4AC \leq 0$$

Thanks

Last edited: Sep 3, 2006
5. Sep 3, 2006

### nocturnal

Probably a typographical error, but the discriminant should be 4B^2 - 4AC.

Perhaps Courant is implying you plug in the value t = -B/C, in which case you would get $$A - \frac{B^2}{C} \geq 0$$
or if you plug it into the original quadratic you would get the equvalent $$0 \leq A - \frac{-2B^2}{C} + \frac{B^2}{C}$$ as he did.

He probably completes the square to motivate this choice of t.

Last edited: Sep 3, 2006