Covalent Bonding: H2 Homework Problem 10-7

In summary, there are five additional molecular orbital combinations that can be formed using the given products and spin functions, all of which are antisymmetric in electron coordinates. These functions can be determined to be bonding or antibonding by examining the form of their covalent parts.
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Homework Statement


Other molecular orbital combinations, besides that in Problem 5, may be formed out of products like [tex]\Psi[/tex][tex]\footnotesize+[/tex](r1)[tex]\Psi[/tex][tex]\footnotesize-[/tex](r2) and [tex]\Psi[/tex][tex]\footnotesize-[/tex](r1)[tex]\Psi[/tex][tex]\footnotesize-[/tex](r2) times singlet or triplet spin functions. Five additional functions , all representing excited states, may be formed. What are these functions? Be sure they are all antisymmetric in electron coordinates. By writing these out in atomic functions and examining the form of the covalent part of each function, determine with care bonding and which are antibonding. Introduction to the Structure of matter: A course in Modern Physics problem 10-7.

Homework Equations


[tex]\Psi[/tex][tex]\footnotesize+/-[/tex]=(1/sqrt(2))([tex]\phi[/tex](r-R/2)+/-phi(r-R/2) attempt at a solution[/b]
I'm not really sure where to start. I understand that I have the wave functions and I know what the single and triplet spin functions are, but I'm not sure how to use them.
 
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Any help would be appreciated!The five additional functions are:1) \Psi\footnotesize+(r1)\Psi\footnotesize-(r2) times singlet spin function2) \Psi\footnotesize+(r1)\Psi\footnotesize-(r2) times triplet spin function3) \Psi\footnotesize-(r1)\Psi\footnotesize-(r2) times singlet spin function4) \Psi\footnotesize-(r1)\Psi\footnotesize-(r2) times triplet spin function5) \Psi\footnotesize+(r1)\Psi\footnotesize+(r2) times triplet spin functionThe covalent part of each function is antisymmetric in electron coordinates, so they are all bonding functions. The first four functions (\Psi\footnotesize+/-(r1)\Psi\footnotesize+/-(r2)) represent excited states, whereas the last function (\Psi\footnotesize+(r1)\Psi\footnotesize+(r2) times triplet spin function) represents a ground state.
 

1. What is a covalent bond?

A covalent bond is a type of chemical bond where atoms share one or more pairs of electrons in order to achieve a stable electron configuration. This type of bonding usually occurs between nonmetal atoms.

2. How is a covalent bond formed?

A covalent bond is formed when two atoms come close enough together that their outermost electron orbitals overlap. As a result, the electrons are shared between the two atoms.

3. What is the difference between a single, double, and triple covalent bond?

A single covalent bond is formed when two atoms share one pair of electrons. A double covalent bond is formed when two atoms share two pairs of electrons. A triple covalent bond is formed when two atoms share three pairs of electrons.

4. How do you determine the number of covalent bonds in a molecule?

The number of covalent bonds in a molecule is determined by the number of electrons needed by each atom to achieve a stable electron configuration. Each bond consists of two electrons, so the number of bonds can be calculated by dividing the total number of valence electrons needed by two.

5. What types of elements form covalent bonds?

Covalent bonds usually form between nonmetal elements, such as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and halogens. However, there are some exceptions, such as the covalent bond between hydrogen and metal elements like sodium or potassium.

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