# Definition of Convergence

1. Mar 26, 2013

### Astrum

I'm a bit confused about how my book defines convergence.

Definition: A sequence {an} convergences to l if for every ε > 0 there is a natural number N such that, for all natural numbers n, if n > N, then l a,-l l < ε

note, l a,-l l = the absolute value

Maybe someone could give me an example? The definition seems incomplete. This is essentially like an epsilon-delta proof for limits, right?

Last edited: Mar 26, 2013
2. Mar 26, 2013

### jbunniii

It's quite similar to epsilon-delta proofs, except there's no delta because the domain of a sequence is limited to integer values of $n$, so there is no notion of choosing points in the domain arbitrarily close to some $n$. But we can still talk about what happens when $n$ becomes large.

A simple example would be $a_n = 1/n$. This converges to the limit $L = 0$ as $n \rightarrow \infty$. To prove this using the definition, let $\epsilon > 0$. Since $\epsilon$ is positive, I can get a number as large as I like by multiplying $\epsilon$ by a sufficiently large integer. In particular, there is some integer $N$ for which $N \epsilon > 1$. Dividing both sides by $N$, this is equivalent to $\frac{1}{N} < \epsilon$. Furthermore, for any $n \geq N$, we have $\frac{1}{n} \leq \frac{1}{N} < \epsilon$. Therefore,
$$|a_n - L| = \left| \frac{1}{n} - 0 \right| = \left| \frac{1}{n} \right| = \frac{1}{n} < \epsilon$$
for all $n \geq N$. We conclude that $\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty} a_n = L$, i.e. $\lim_{n \rightarrow \infty} \frac{1}{n} = 0$.

3. Mar 26, 2013

### Astrum

Thanks, I understand the how but I'm still a bit lost on the why. I'll review epsilon delta proofs again.

I understand the mechanism now, but the intuition is evading me. Hm, I'll have to give it some more thought.

4. Mar 26, 2013

### WannabeNewton

One intuition I like to use is to think of it in terms of open balls (in fact in topology, where you have no metric, the definition of convergence is given entirely in terms of neighborhoods and it makes it more intuitive imo). Let's say our sequence is $(x_n)$ and $x_n\rightarrow x\in \mathbb{R}$. So what is that definition of convergence really saying?

Well first take any $\epsilon >0$ and consider the open ball $B(x,\epsilon )$. We should be able to fit all but a finite number of elements of the sequence into this open ball i.e. there should exist an $N\in \mathbb{N}$ such that for all $n\geq N$, $x_n\in B(x,\epsilon )$. So what does it really mean for this sequence to converge to $x$ then? It means that no matter how small an open ball you make around $x$, I can always fit in all but a finite number of elements of the sequence into this open ball. So you can picture making the open ball smaller and smaller and smaller still but always being able to fit in all but a finite number of said elements into the open ball. This, for me, makes it geometrically clear what the usual epsilon definition is saying. It also motivates the more general topological definition.

5. Mar 27, 2013

### Astrum

Aha, I think I get you. Although I had to look up what a "ball" was. Many thanks!