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EMF stands for electromotive force, which is the energy produced by a source such as a battery or generator. It can also be described as the electrical potential difference between two points in a circuit.
EMF is measured in units of volts (V) using a voltmeter. The voltmeter is connected in parallel with the source of EMF to measure the potential difference between two points in a circuit.
Internal resistance is the resistance within a source of EMF, such as a battery, that hinders the flow of current. It is caused by factors such as the material and size of the source's internal components.
Internal resistance can cause a decrease in the output voltage of a source, leading to a decrease in the current flowing through the circuit. This can result in reduced efficiency and performance of the circuit.
Internal resistance can be reduced by using materials with lower resistance for the internal components of the source, as well as by decreasing the size of these components. Additionally, using larger and more efficient sources of EMF can also help reduce internal resistance.