# Errors in standard books

1. Aug 8, 2006

### dextercioby

This is page #293 of the 1-st volume from 2-nd edition of Apostol's "Calculus & Linear Algebra".

Well, the question goes like this:

Daniel.

Last edited: Nov 22, 2006
2. Aug 8, 2006

### dextercioby

This is page #371 from the V-th edition of Arfken & Weber's "Mathematical Methods for Physicists".

The question is the same, but this time the error is a bit harder to spot.

Daniel.

Last edited: Nov 22, 2006
3. Aug 8, 2006

### MathematicalPhysicist

for the first question, i think that in the first lines with the limits there arent any mention to x there.
but this is just a mistype isnt it?

4. Aug 9, 2006

### matt grime

That isn't an error. That is how you're supposed to evaluate the limit.

5. Aug 9, 2006

### mathwonk

the only "error" I could see in apostol was the failure to check in the first example that it had the form 0/0 before applying l'hopital. but he did say it after the fact, namely in example 2, that it "also" had this form, implying it for example 1.

6. Aug 10, 2006

### WigneRacah

There is at least one error.

In exercise 5.9.10 part (b): the integrand function is negative in ]0,1[ thus the risult can't be positive. The correct expression is

$$\lim_{a \rightarrow 1} \int_0^a \frac{\ln(1-x)}{x} dx = - \zeta(2)$$ .

7. Aug 11, 2006

### dextercioby

WigneRacah is absolutely right for the second one, the one from Arfken & Weber. Indeed, there's a minus where he said it was.

As for apostol's book, there's something more about circular logics than anything else.

Daniel.

8. Aug 11, 2006

### jbusc

I understand now. While I don't own a copy of Apostol, I can guess that the problem is in example 1.

The typical proof that the derivative of sin(x) is cos(x), that is usually presented in introductory calculus textbooks (if at all), requires as one step to evaluate the limit: $$\lim_{ x\to 0 } \frac{ \sin x } { x }$$, which is of course 1.

However, if you wish to prove this limit, you cannot use l'Hospital's rule, because such a rule would require the derivative of sin(x) to be known already (which is what you're trying to prove) so it's a circular argument.

This assumes, though, that Apostol does not present an alternative proof that the derivative of sin(x) is cos(x) which does not require application of l'Hospital.

9. Aug 11, 2006

### dextercioby

Nope, but he still uses that limit. There's no way of proving the derivative without using that limit.

Daniel.

10. Aug 11, 2006

### mathwonk

i wouldnt be so sure. have you read apostols teatment of sines and cosines.

11. Aug 11, 2006

### mathwonk

this is not the way he does it but you could define e^z by a powers eries, then let cos and sin be the real and imaginary parts. their derivatives follow immediately.

or one could define them as independent solutions of asecond order ode....... but as i recall apostol does it by a more unique method.

12. Aug 12, 2006

### shmoe

Apostol defines them geometrically and does prove sin'(x)=cos(x) using the limit of sin(x)/x. He did prove this limit in chapter 3 from the inequality cos(x)<sin(x)/x<1/cos(x) for 0<x<pi/2, which followed from his geometirc construction.

So nothing circular. At worst unnecessary since he had already evaluated the limit, but not a bad plan to have a back up way of 'deriving' it if part of your memory fails you.

13. Aug 15, 2006

### dextercioby

It is circular, as you can't prove A is right by using it as being right already.

Daniel.

14. Aug 15, 2006

### shmoe

I've always understood "circular logic" to imply there is some sort of error in your argument and it was important that you were trying to assume an unproven result to prove this same unproven result. I'd be willing to accept that's not the normal usage if you want to apply the term here.

That's just semantics though, there is nothing I'd call an error at all here as he had proven the derivative of sin was cos earlier. He wasn't getting a new result, but that doesn't make it wrong. He could have cut out l'hopital and the derivative middle men and said "use example 4, section 3.4 to prove lim sin(x)/x=1" and I still wouldn't call it an error. Silly, yes, but not an error.

15. Aug 15, 2006

### Office_Shredder

Staff Emeritus
You can prove A is right if you've already proven it's right. Just because Apostol is pro doesn't mean you need to be jealous :tongue2: