# Extensive functions

1. Jan 10, 2012

### jhjensen

Are logarithms the only functions for which f(xy) = f(x) + f(y)?

2. Jan 10, 2012

### CompuChip

Depending on your definition of the logarithm, yes.

I managed to show for example, that $f'(x) \propto \frac{1}{x}$.

The trick was to look at
$$\frac{\mathrm d}{\mathrm dx} f(x) = \lim_{h \downarrow 0} \frac{f(x + h)}{h}$$
where
$$f(x + h) = f(x(1 + h/x)) = f(x) + f(1 + h/x)$$

You can throw in an expansion:
$$f\left(1 + \frac{h}{x}\right) = f(1) + c \frac{h}{x} + \mathcal O(h^2)$$
The second order terms in h divided by h will be O(h) and will vanish. You can show that f(1) = 0 by looking at f(x) = f(1x) = f(1) + f(x).

Combining everything will give you
$$\frac{\mathrm d}{\mathrm dx} f(x) = c \cdot \frac{1}{x}$$

Now it follows that f(x) must be a logarithm, because you can appropriately choose c to get any $\log_a{x} = c \ln x$ (c = 1/ln(a)).

If you prefer the definition that ln is the function satisfying $e^{\ln x} = x$ with ln(1) = 0, you can use the chain rule to show that this is equivalent to the solution of the differential equation.

3. Jan 10, 2012

### sachav

Isn't this a much simpler way to prove that $f'(x) \propto \dfrac{1}{x}$?
If you suppose $f$ differentiable on its domain, and if you derivate the equation with respect to y, you get that f satisfies:
$$\forall x, y \in \mathbb R, \hspace{10pt} xf'(xy) = f'(y)$$
By chosing y = 1:
$$\forall x \in \mathbb R, \hspace{10pt} xf'(x) = f'(1)$$
Thus, forall nonzero x:
$$f'(x) = \dfrac{f'(1)}{x}$$

4. Jan 10, 2012

### Stephen Tashi

is No unless you add some condition like continuity or differentiability.

5. Jan 11, 2012

### morphism

Indeed. Consider the function g(x)=f(e^x). It satisfies the functional equation g(x+y) = g(x) + g(y) (i.e., g is additive) and determines f on the positive reals, hence on all the reals (why?). It's a pretty well-known fact that simple additional requirements, such as continuity, will force an additive function to be linear (i.e. to be of the form g(x)=cx for some constant c). However, in the absence of such requirements, one can in fact find http://planetmath.org/encyclopedia/ThereExistAdditiveFunctionsWhichAreNotLinear.html [Broken]. These functions are fairly pathological. In particular, they aren't continuous. So, if we take one such example for our g, then the resulting f won't be a logarithm.

Last edited by a moderator: May 5, 2017
6. Jan 11, 2012

### Stephen Tashi

I just noticed that the differentiable constant function f(x) = 0 also works.

7. Jan 11, 2012

### morphism

Presumably by "logarithms" the OP meant functions of the form f(x) = c log|x| for some constant c. (This is at least consistent with CompuChip and sachav's posts.) You get the zero function when you take c=0.

Edit: It should be pointed out that one must exclude 0 from the domain of f in order to get anything interesting. If you insist on defining f at 0, then f(0) has to be zero (because f(0)=f(0*0)=f(0)+f(0)), and from this it follows that f(x)=0 for all x. (Proof: f(x)=f(x)+f(0)=f(x*0)=f(0)=0.)

Last edited: Jan 11, 2012