Force is typically measured using accelerometers, which are small devices that measure acceleration. These devices are placed inside the helmet and can measure the force of impact during a collision. Some helmets also have sensors built into them that can measure force.
Impulse is the change in momentum of an object over a period of time. In football helmet collisions, impulse is important because it can help determine the severity of the impact and the potential for injury. A higher impulse means a greater force was applied to the head, which can increase the risk of concussion or other head injuries.
Scientists use force and impulse measurements to analyze the impact of the helmet during collisions and compare it to safety standards set by organizations such as the National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment (NOCSAE). If the measurements fall within the safety standards, the helmet is considered safe for use.
While force and impulse measurements are important tools for evaluating helmet safety, they are not the only factors to consider. Other variables such as helmet design, fit, and padding also play a role in protecting against head injuries. Additionally, these measurements cannot account for individual factors such as player technique or head position during a collision.
By analyzing force and impulse data, scientists and helmet manufacturers can identify areas of improvement for helmet design and make adjustments to better protect against head injuries. This data can also be used to inform rule changes and regulations in the sport to reduce the risk of high-impact collisions.