# Getting Maxwell's Equations from Field Tensor (Griffith 4ed)

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omega_minus
Hello,
I am reading Griffith's "Introduction to Electrodynamics" 4ed. I'm in the chapter on relativistic electrodynamics where he develops the electromagnetic field tensor (contravariant matrix form) and then shows how to extract Maxwell's equations by permuting the index μ. I am able to follow the argument for the μ=0 case as it appears straightforward: He takes the spatial derivative of the corresponding matrix element and out pops Gauss' Law, etc. But when the time derivative term is not zero (μ≠0) there always appears an additional factor of 1/c on that term. I can see in the end this term is required to get the corresponding equation, but I don't understand where it comes from. For example when he takes the time derivative of the F10 term (the -Ex/c term) he ends up with a factor of -1/c2.
I'm a grad student in electromagnetics engineering and we didn't learn this formalism but I enjoy studying special relativity so I'm making an effort to understand it. I'm not enrolled this summer (no professors to bother...) so I was hoping someone here might point me in the right direction. Google has not been much help and the book didn't seem to address it before. The answer is probably staring me in the face...
Thanks in advance for any help.

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I do not have Griffith in front of me, but the most likely explanation is that ##x^0 = ct## so ##\partial_0 = (1/c) \partial_t##. Then one can always question the sanity in working in units where ##c \neq 1##, which just obstructs the physics in my opinion.

omega_minus
@Oridruin, thanks for the reply. It makes sense when you put it like that. Of course having c=1 is likely convenient to physicists but we engineers aren’t used to it (speaking for myself here). It does the same thing to my brain that setting the permittivity and permeability to unity does; it makes unit analysis difficult if you don’t know there are constants with units “hiding“ in the equation. I’m guessing if you’re used to it, it is easier. Thanks again for your help!

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It does the same thing to my brain that setting the permittivity and permeability to unity does; it makes unit analysis difficult if you don’t know there are constants with units “hiding“ in the equation.
You can go back to SI units at any time by doing dimensional analysis. You can do dimensional analysis as long as you leave at least one physical dimension. It is just that time and length have the same physical dimension when you work in units with c=1. Note that this c is dimensionless!

Regardless of units, that was not the main message of my post.

omega_minus
Ok, I see. I didn’t realize time and space had the same dimension in natural units, I just thought the units’ differences were somehow just being ignored. As to the content of your original post, it cleared the matter up in a single sentence. Thanks again!

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I didn’t realize time and space had the same dimension in natural units
That’s fine, it is a big hurdle for many to get over. Still, it is the most natural choice in relativity as spacetime is an affine space with a pseudo metric and it therefore makes at least some amount of sense to use the same dimension for all of its directions. To me, using different dimensions for time and space is like using different dimensions for height and horizontal distance. They may seem very different (at least when you are flying), but they really are the same. Then you might want to use different units for either (e.g., meters for height and km for horizontal distances) and the resulting quotient between the units is some arbitrary number that is just the conversion factor between the two (e.g., 0.001 km/m). Same thing in spacetime, you can still use seconds and meters, but if you have a length in meters and want to convert it to seconds you need to divide by the convertion factor c = 3e8 m/s.

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You can go back to SI units at any time by doing dimensional analysis. You can do dimensional analysis as long as you leave at least one physical dimension. It is just that time and length have the same physical dimension when you work in units with c=1. Note that this c is dimensionless!

Regardless of units, that was not the main message of my post.
I've still quibbles with the SI. I'm right now preparing my lectures for my teacher-students lectures. One is special relativity and quantum mechanics. For the special-relativity part, I want to end with a very brief explanation of the manifest covariant form, and that's why I just thought about, how to work this out in the SI (it's a night-mare sorting all the ##\epsilon_0## and ##\mu_0## factors).

In my opinion, for this audience indeed the use of the SI units is mandatory. There's not a single high-school textbook, where they use Gauß (or even my favorite rationalized Gauß, i.e., Heaviside-Lorentz) units. That's why in the last semester I taught electrodynamics in the SI. Of course, now I'd like to do also a very short glimpse on the covariant formulation of electrodynamics at the end of the section on special relativity, and indeed of course there the SI units hit me. The only feasable way I see is to finally define ##F_{0 \mu} = \pm E_{\mu}/c## (##\mu \in \{1,2,3\}##) and ##F_{\mu \nu} = \pm \epsilon_{\mu \nu a} B^a## (don't nail me for the signs, which are not so important here). Then the inhomogeneous Maxwell equations in covariant form read
$$\partial_{\mu} F^{\mu \nu} = \mu_0 j^{\nu},$$
with the ugly arbitrary conversion factor ##\mu_0## to convert the unnatural SI unit for electric charge, the Coulomb or rather Ampere seconds. That's the way Sommerfeld does it in his famous Lectures on Theoretical Physics (however in the ##\mathrm{i} c t## convenction, which I find totally inacceptable in the 21st century).

Of course you could as well use ##F_{0 \mu}=\pm E_{\mu}## and ##F_{\mu \nu} = \pm c \epsilon_{\mu \nu \rho} B^{\rho}##, then ending up with
$$\partial_{\mu} F^{\mu \nu} = \frac{1}{\epsilon_0} j^{\nu}.$$
This latter possibility, however, is not seen in the literature anywhere.

Only going to "natural units", i.e., setting ##\mu_0=\epsilon_0=1##, which implies also ##c=1##, you get formulae in natural rationalized Heaviside-Lorentz units.