# Help with Taylor Series

1. Feb 27, 2015

$$f(a + x) = \sum_{k=0}^∞ \frac{f^{(k)}(a) x^k}{k!}$$

Usually written as:

$$f(t) = \sum_{k=0}^∞ \frac{f^{(k)}(a) (t-a)^k}{k!}$$

Where $t = a + x$
Is the taylor expansion supposed to give the same result for all $a$? The reason this confuses me is because this seems to suggest that $f(1 + x) = f(4 + x) = f(π + x)$ and so on, which is usually not the case. Where did I go wrong?

2. Feb 27, 2015

### Stephen Tashi

Yes, in the sense that for a given $t$

$f(t) = \sum_{k=0}^\infty \frac{f^{(k)}(a_1) (t-a_1)^k}{k!} = \sum_{k=0}^\infty \frac{f^{(k)}(a_2)(t-a_2)^k}{k!}$

when both series converge.

In the first version you listed for Taylor series, to say that the equation holds for different $a_1, a_2$ does not imply $f(a_1 + x) = f(a_2 + x)$ since, in general, $f^{(k)}(a_1) \ne f^{(k)}(a_2)$. In the second version you listed, different values of $a_1, a_2$ do not imply different values of $t$.

3. Feb 27, 2015

So the variable $x$ must also change for $t$ to remain well-defined.

4. Feb 27, 2015

### Stephen Tashi

The meaning of that statement isn't entirely clear, but I'm tempted to say yes.

5. Feb 27, 2015

In order to maintain the same meaning of $t$ (and $f(t)$) while changing the value of $a$, we must change the value of $x$.

6. Feb 27, 2015

### Stephen Tashi

Yes, if we assert $t = a + x$.

7. Feb 28, 2015

If we were to swap the positions of all $a$'s and $x$'s in the expansion; that is: $f(x) + f'(x)a + \frac{f''(x)a^2}{2!} + ....$, would we get the same result? I understand that our goal is to write a power series where the powers are constantly increasing on a variable, not a constant. But I'm curious, would this give the same result?

8. Feb 28, 2015

### Stephen Tashi

A logician could object to calling such a change in the formula "the same result" since logician wants it made clear which symbols are variables (in some scope) and which are constants (in some scope). Technically, a symbol like "x", should appear with the scope of a quantifier (like "for each") when we write a mathematical statement. People who do calculus are careful about quantifying their variables when they do epsilon-delta proofs (e.g. for each epsilon > 0, there exists a delta ...such that...), but in other aspects of calculus they are careless. You can talk about "Taylor's Formula" as a string of symbols. To ask a precise mathematical question about its meaning you need to first state "Taylor's Theorem" as a theorem. See which quantifiers apply to which variables. Then you can ask whether the symbols representing the variables can be swapped.

9. Feb 28, 2015

### KevinMWHM

(a_n)_1^infty

10. Feb 28, 2015

### KevinMWHM

({a_n})_1^ \infty