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Biology and Medical
Human body growth in the absence of a brain
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[QUOTE="BillTre, post: 6434663, member: 581757"] There are two parts of the pituitary gland, one derived embryologically from neural tissue (posterior pit.), one derived embryologically from an invagination (infolding of a sheet of cells) of the roof of the mouth. The hypothalamus and pineal are entirely derived embryologically from the nervous system. It controls a lot of pituitary function. They are both considered part of the brain. The human heart can beat in an unregulated way without innervation (not sure for how long). Some other animals require the brain for a heart beat because that is where the rhythmic driver is. Breathing (using to lungs) requires innervation to happen. It uses skeletal muscles driven by spinal cord motor neurons. I believe the driver neurons of the motor neurons is in the hindbrain (back part of the brain). There was a [URL='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_the_Headless_Chicken']famous case of a headless chicken[/URL] that was kept alive for 18 months (with special care). The head was cut of with an axe for dinner, but it was not a well done job and the brain stem (including the hindbrain) was not removed, allowing the chicken to survive. It became a side show star. [ATTACH type="full" alt="Screen Shot 2020-12-23 at 5.50.10 PM.png"]274979[/ATTACH] The brainstem is the most "primitive" part of the brain and includes a lot of functions that would have evolved early in the vertebrates, like control of breathing and heart rate. The brain also has some indirect control over "involuntary" functions because the autonomic nervous system as well as any other part of the nervous system are connected to the central nervous system which can influence it functioning (such as danger --> increase heart rate). There are also lots of behaviors considered involuntary which occur within the brain. They are just learned, automated, and then let to run with relatively little conscious control, like bicycle riding. [/QUOTE]
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Human body growth in the absence of a brain
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