Can a Hypothetical Object Exist if it Does Not Satisfy a Universal Rule?

[Berislav]

Consider some hypothetical universal rule which everything (including nothing) must satisfy. Then take that some hypothetical object that does not satisfy this axiom. What can be said about that object? Certainly it can not be said that it doesn't exist.

 

[El Hombre Invisible]

What can be said about it? That it's a paradox. That's pretty much the same answer as any paradoxical question.

 

[Berislav]

Ah, yes! But the object itself is not the paradox, it's the rule. What I'm basically trying to point out is the paradox in absolute undiscriminating rules.

 

[El Hombre Invisible]

Ah, yes! But the object itself is not the paradox, it's the rule. What I'm basically trying to point out is the paradox in absolute undiscriminating rules.

Well, both really. The rule alone cannot be paradoxical - it requires proof to the contrary. For it to be the hypothetical rule in question, it must be correct. It must also be proved incorrect by the object, so is not the rule in question. An absolute undiscriminating rule cannot, in reality, be a paradox. If it is correct, it will not be disproved. If it is disproved, it is not absolute.

 

[honestrosewater]

How do you talk sensibly about absolute things? You are using rules in determining whether the situation is paradoxical, so your determination is relative to the rules you're using. Why can't the rule be satisifed and not satisifed at the same time? How do you even determine whether the rule is satisified in the first place?
BTW, rules that are always satisfied in some system pose no problems. Rules that are never satisfied in some system also pose no problems. For instance, "P or not P" always being satisfied and "P and not P" never being satisfied, where P is any statement, are common. In fact, you used them yourselves. :)

 

[El Hombre Invisible]

"Why can't the rule be satisifed and not satisifed at the same time?"

Because part of the rule is that te rule must be satisfied all of the time.

 

[Berislav]

The rule alone cannot be paradoxical - it requires proof to the contrary.

Yes. A rule is disproved if there is something that doesn't satisfy it within the confines of it's domain. If the domain is everything and nothing it is easy to disprove such a rule for the exception to it doesn't need to exist.

For instance the first axiom of mathematics:

x=x,

a number which doesn't satisfy it doesn't exist. This rule poses no problem as it's only defined in the realm of numbers that exist.

How do you talk sensibly about absolute things?

One can not. That's my point.

You are using rules in determining whether the situation is paradoxical, so your determination is relative to the rules you're using.

True.

How do you even determine whether the rule is satisified in the first place?

It's an abstract concept. Without defining the rule in question you can not determine whether it's satisfied.

BTW, rules that are always satisfied in some system pose no problems.

Yes, but not in all systems, as I tried to demonstrate.

For instance, "P or not P" always being satisfied and "P and not P" never being satisfied, where P is any statement, are common. In fact, you used them yourselves.

Yes, but that is because with "normal" rules there is always some third possibility, which is something outside the system in which the rule is defined. In the case of the most universal true rules it is nothing.

 

[honestrosewater]

"Why can't the rule be satisifed and not satisifed at the same time?"

Because part of the rule is that te rule must be satisfied all of the time.

Right, the only requirement was that the rule always be satisfied, so if the rule is always satisfied and always not satisfied, then the requirement is met. It never said the rule was never not satisfied; It also never said it couldn't be both at once, nor that not not being satisifed was the same as being satisfied, etc. So you don't know if the situation is contradictory (i.e. paradoxical).
Also, you need to say what a rule and everything are and what it means for a rule to be satisfied before you can even talk about a rule that is satisfied by everything. So what "the rule that is satisfied by everything" is depends on your definition of rule, everything, and satisfaction. So the idea of absolute things just doesn't make sense to me; They don't depend on how you think about them, so how do you think about them?
I agree with what you said; I was just pointing out some assumptions that were being made.

 

[honestrosewater]

If the domain is everything and nothing

What does that mean- everything and nothing?

For instance the first axiom of mathematics:

Mathematics isn't a single theory, and a theory need not have an equality relation, but okay...

x=x,

a number which doesn't satisfy it doesn't exist. This rule poses no problem as it's only defined in the realm of numbers that exist.

Something that doesn't exist doesn't have the property of being a number, so it doesn't make sense to talk about numbers that don't exist. If something is a number, it exists. I guess this is rather subtle, but when someone says there exists no number that has such and such properties or meets such and such conditions, it doesn't mean there exists some number that doesn't exist; It just means such and such properties or conditions are incompatible.

One can not. That's my point.

But this isn't a problem in logic or math, since every rule in logic and math is relative to the theory in which it is stated. Edit: And they also have a definite range of application. So what a rule means and what it applies to is determined by the theory.

Yes, but not in all systems, as I tried to demonstrate.

Yes, but that is because with "normal" rules there is always some third possibility, which is something outside the system in which the rule is defined. In the case of the most universal true rules it is nothing.

I don't really know what you mean by this. Could you explain a little more?

 

[Berislav]

What does that mean- everything and nothing?

All which exists and all which doesn't exist.

Something that doesn't exist doesn't have the property of being a number, so it doesn't make sense to talk about numbers that don't exist.

True. Things that do not exist have no property other than non-existance.

But this isn't a problem in logic or math, since every rule in logic and math is relative to the theory in which it is stated.

I never said that it was. What I wanted to point out is that absolute universal rules are impossible.

I don't really know what you mean by this. Could you explain a little more?

If a "rule" has an exception within it's domain (i.e, within it's range of application) then it isn't valid and it's not really a rule. It could have an exception outside it's range of application and still be correct.

If the range of application is all that exists and doesn't, then the rule has an exception.

 

[honestrosewater]

Things that do not exist have no property other than non-existance.

I don't know if letting non-existence be a property causes problems, but it is at least superfluous. You can just assume that every object exists; i.e., that existing is exactly what it means to be an object. So you either have a set with some objects or a set with none.

Imagine this. I say that if any two objects have the all the same properties, then they are equal, and if two objects are equal, then they have all the same properties. Now, if non-existence were a property and all objects having that property have only that property, then all non-existent objects are equal, i.e., there is exactly one non-existent object. But what about the property of being a round square? What can you say about an object having that property? If any object having that property must also have the property of not existing, then it isn't true that all objects having the property of not existing have only one property. So do you say the two properties are equal? What about several incompatible properties- is that combination of properties also equal to the property of not existing? Worse, how do you determine that no object can have some combination of properties? How do determine that no object can be a round square? By finding that there is NO object with those properties. But that doesn't work anymore- there is exactly ONE object that is a round square - the object that doesn't exist.
Also, do you want to be able to say things like, for all objects x, if x is greater than 2, then x is greater than 1? Well, is the object that doesn't exist greater than 2? It certainly isn't equal to 2, otherwise 2 wouldn't exist. So it must be greater than or less than 2. There's no reason to say either- which is a big problem! But let's say it's less than 2. Then it must be equal to 1 (we're in the set of natural numbers). But it can't be equal to 1. So we still have a big problem- our rules don't apply to every object anymore. Oh, wait, there is a solution: the non-existent object isn't a number, so it isn't even in the theory to begin with! So I don't see how it helps to let non-existence be a property- and I have never seen it be.

I never said that it was. What I wanted to point out is that absolute universal rules are impossible.

Impossible in which system?

If a "rule" has an exception within it's domain (i.e, within it's range of application) then it isn't valid and it's not really a rule. It could have an exception outside it's range of application and still be correct.

Yes, I suppose, but how does this make absolute, universal rules impossible?

If the range of application is all that exists and doesn't, then the rule has an exception.

What exception?

 

[Daminc]

Also, do you want to be able to say things like, for all objects x, if x is greater than 2, then x is greater than 1? Well, is the object that doesn't exist greater than 2? It certainly isn't equal to 2, otherwise 2 wouldn't exist. So it must be greater than or less than 2. There's no reason to say either- which is a big problem! But let's say it's less than 2. Then it must be equal to 1 (we're in the set of natural numbers). But it can't be equal to 1. So we still have a big problem- our rules don't apply to every object anymore. Oh, wait, there is a solution: the non-existent object isn't a number, so it isn't even in the theory to begin with! So I don't see how it helps to let non-existence be a property- and I have never seen it be.

Hang on a minute, numbers are not real anyway, they are abstract concepts to help us define relationships. Working with your example you could have a round square that doesn't exist and is twice as big as another round square that doesn't exist.

What would be interesting to debate is whether there is and infinite amount of objects that don't exist since we have a finite amount of objects that do exist.

For example, if the sum of all possibilities objects was Infinite and the number of impossible (non-existing) objects were Infinite then we would be left with no objects that are real.

(Playing with abstract concepts and logic rarely gets you anywhere but it is fun )

 

[honestrosewater]

Hang on a minute, numbers are not real anyway, they are abstract concepts to help us define relationships.

Who said anything about objects having to be "real"? A rule isn't "real" either.

Working with your example you could have a round square that doesn't exist and is twice as big as another round square that doesn't exist.

Sure, you get to make the rules. But I was looking at the consequences of those rules. And normally, being round and being square are incompatible.

What would be interesting to debate is whether there is and infinite amount of objects that don't exist since we have a finite amount of objects that do exist.

If you're talking about real objects, there really isn't anything to debate. Do you know how many objects exist? Do you know that you've observed every object? Do you know what the rules for existence are? If not, you will have to settle for a model, so you're back to logic.
If you want any two objects having all the same properties to be equal (i.e. each object equal to itself), and vice versa, and if an object that doesn't exist has only that one property of non-existence, then there is at most one object that doesn't exist.

For example, if the sum of all possibilities objects was Infinite and the number of impossible (non-existing) objects were Infinite then we would be left with no objects that are real.

No, you would be left an infinite number of possible objects and an infinite number of impossible objects. They wouldn't cancel each other out. Plus, knowing the number of possible objects only puts a limit on the number of actual objects; It doesn't tell you how many there are.

(Playing with abstract concepts and logic rarely gets you anywhere but it is fun )

Perhaps it rarely gets you anywhere. Humanity wouldn't have gotten this far without it.
Meh, I don't mean to sound rude, I'm just too tired to be extra polite.

 

[Daminc]

Objects: are the physical and conceptual things we find in the universe around us. Hardware, software, documents, human beings, and even concepts are all examples of objects. For purposes of modeling his or her company, a chief executive officer could view employees, buildings, divisions, documents, and benefits packages as objects. An automotive engineer would see tires, doors, engines, top speed, and the current fuel level as objects. Atoms, molecules, volumes, and temperatures would all be objects a chemist might consider in creating an object-oriented simulation of a chemical reaction. Finally, a software engineer would consider stacks, queues, windows, and check

Ok, I stand corrected. Objects can be concepts as well as 'real things' however I perceive 'real' as that which can be discerned to exist which leads to that which cannot exist does not exist.

And normally, being round and being square are incompatible.

Thats because round and square are descriptive qualities and are independent of the object. If the object is described as 'round' then nobody would describe it as square unless their word for round is square.

Perhaps it rarely gets you anywhere.

I think you'll find it rarely gets the vast majority of people anywhere however, after saying that, I would like to point out that if you play with abstract concepts and logic then I would estimate that a good 95% of the time you don't get anywhere hence using the term 'rarely' rather than 'never'.

 

[honestrosewater]

Ok, I stand corrected. Objects can be concepts as well as 'real things' however I perceive 'real' as that which can be discerned to exist which leads to that which cannot exist does not exist.

Okay, but if you want to know what I meant by "objects", you just have to ask me. I meant abstract or concrete (real, physical); I think the context makes clear which one.
How would discerning that which exists lead to anything about non-existence? Can you discern a real object that doesn't exist? Or is a non-existent object necessarily abstract?

Thats because round and square are descriptive qualities and are independent of the object. If the object is described as 'round' then nobody would describe it as square unless their word for round is square.

It's because that's what follows logically from the rules. I've been talking about logic. In logic, if the rules say so, there cannot exist an object in that logical system that is both square and round. Period. There is nothing more certain.

I think you'll find it rarely gets the vast majority of people anywhere however, after saying that, I would like to point out that if you play with abstract concepts and logic then I would estimate that a good 95% of the time you don't get anywhere hence using the term 'rarely' rather than 'never'.

Language, money, math, science, and intelligence itself all rely on our use of abstract concepts and logic. How unconstructive is your playing? :tongue2:

 

[Daminc]

but if you want to know what I meant by "objects", you just have to ask me.

I didn't take into account that your idea of what an object is would be different from mine. Sorry.

Can you discern a real object that doesn't exist? Or is a non-existent object necessarily abstract?

I'm not very educated when it comes to QM but doesn't the QM math work on the principle that everything has a possibility of existing therefore everything potentially exists even that we believe doesn't exist. It's only the one frame that we observe to exist = one probability.

How unconstructive is your playing?

Very . I play with space/time and light and I'm not capable of proving any of it :uhh:

 

[honestrosewater]

I didn't take into account that your idea of what an object is would be different from mine. Sorry.

Sorry, am I sounding mean? I didn't really consider that your idea of an object would be different from mine. I was just saying there's one way to find out...

I'm not very educated when it comes to QM but doesn't the QM math work on the principle that everything has a possibility of existing therefore everything potentially exists even that we believe doesn't exist. It's only the one frame that we observe to exist = one probability.

Heh, I actually have a thread going about this and am not qualified to comment on what QM says. But QM is still only a model of reality, and the idea here applies at the macroscopic level anyway. Say I will flip a coin and let it land on the empty table in front of me. The probability of getting heads up is 1/2, the probability of getting tails up is 1/2. But when I perform the experiment, I get only one result. Say I get heads up. Does a coin tails up exist on the table in front of me? No, there exists no coin on the table with the property of being tails up. There exists only one coin on the table and it has the property of being heads up, and heads up and tails up are mutually exclusive. Tails up was a possibility but is not an actuality.

Very . I play with space/time and light and I'm not capable of proving any of it :uhh:

Ah, well, that sounds like serious playing. ;) But how many people play with the concepts of spacetime and light?

 

[Daminc]

But QM is still only a [model of reality, and the idea here applies at the macroscopic level anyway.

AFAIK, everything in science uses a model. It's just that the ones we use today hold up to a lot of strutiny. If QM exists it has to marry Classical physics in some way so QM theory would have to apply to the macroscopic level.

But how many people play with the concepts of spacetime and light?

Unfortunately, not many people (none where I live & work) which is why I come here to have a chat with people.

 

[honestrosewater]

AFAIK, everything in science uses a model. It's just that the ones we use today hold up to a lot of strutiny. If QM exists it has to marry Classical physics in some way so QM theory would have to apply to the macroscopic level.

Right, that's what I mean by a model- a physical theory. I don't know what you mean- QM does exist. You don't need any theory to perform an experiment. If there's a coin laying flat on a table, only one side of the coin will be facing up. Just go look at some coins. :tongue2:
Back to your earlier comments:

I'm not very educated when it comes to QM but doesn't the QM math work on the principle that everything has a possibility of existing therefore everything potentially exists even that we believe doesn't exist.

This almost certainly isn't true. Does QM say it's possible for energy to not be conserved? I doubt it. And a theory that just said anything was possible wouldn't be falsifiable. Plus, there may be parts of the theory that have nothing to do with reality. For instance, you may use a function to describe the speed of some object. The function may be infinite, but that doesn't mean objects can go arbitrarily fast or slow, or that space is infinite, or so on.
Even if you were to say that everything potentially exists, you're still only talking about potentials. The potential only puts a limit on the actual.

Unfortunately, not many people (none where I live & work) which is why I come here to have a chat with people.

Yes, no one where I live either. And the crowd here at PF is ever rarer for their knowledge and generosity.

 

[Daminc]

I don't know what you mean- QM does exist.

I'm sorry, I should expand that a bit: If QM exists how we think it exists...

I've alway been a skeptic...about everything. I'm the type of guy that feels that if I drop an apple to the ground that it would probably drop straight down. If it went sideways or straight up I wouldn't be surprised, just curious.

I doubt the validity of everything of everything we see, hear, feel, know etc, etc and instead go with the balance of probability (e.g. the probability of the apple reaching the ground in a straight line is very, very high).

My friends think this is unusual but I don't understand why :)

What about you? Do you accept some things as fact? If so, how much proof do you need before you believe it's true?

 

[honestrosewater]

I'm sorry, I should expand that a bit: If QM exists how we think it exists...

Oh, you mean if it is an accurate model of reality?

What about you? Do you accept some things as fact? If so, how much proof do you need before you believe it's true?

I am much the same way, though I would probably be surprised if apples started falling away from Earth (especially if only apples were behaving that way)! I try not to believe without justification. Actually, I don't usually say that I believe such and such; Beliefs imply more of a commitment than I usually have; They seem more final and absolute. I usually say I think such and such, meaning "based on the evidence I have at the moment..." My beliefs are pretty much all up for revision. I don't think I can know or predict anything about the real world (i.e. outside of my own conscious experience) with 100% certainty, so I rely on probability. But I think I can reason and know facts about abstract things with certainty, things that I create myself, like definitions, logic, etc.

 

[Daminc]

If I had seen this in my less skeptical days I might have been gob-smacked:

http://rhull.home.infionline.net/highenergy025.htm

I see the miraculous everyday. Just outside of where I work there's a flower bed/green area. For the past 4 years or so I stop there 2-3 times a week to try and suss it out.

It has all sorts of rock/debris in it and the Earth is packed solid which makes me think that this area used to be a swamp at one time. The only rock I recognise is the flint although there are stones that have a lot of water erosion.

I am also agnostic so I can't fall back on the argument that natures beautiful because God made it that way. I've seen a water spaut, I've seen mists that act like water, mists that have risen in the space of a couple of minutes where you can't see more than a couple of feet. I've stared at cigarette smoke and tried to discern how the patterns are formed.

After all this and more I find it hard to believe we have answers that can explain it all. The best we can do IMO is to understand it a bit better so we can co-exist in harmony with it (it'll never happen, I know, but we can always dream )

Another little thing that links a bit more with your comment.

Belief vs Faith.

Science and Religion have one thing in common and that is belief and faith it also runs into the same problems when dealing with one or lthe other.

It's ok to have faith in something as it can give you strength and motivation but when someone starts believing in something then they stop searching for answers and start arguing with people who have different answers than they have. Which leads to conflict, waste of resources, and sometimes even war.

 

[Charles Brough]

Seems to me that rocks and plants are not beautiful in themselves but only that we see them as such because we have evolved as animals who are naturally, evolutionarily used to and, hence, at ease with nature. Do you see that, instead, as some sort of "miracle?" What I see is a lively curiosity on your part which is the gift to you of your enviornment and your genetic heritage. This, we both share!

I wish there was a post on "what is truth?" because that is at the heart of this matter. All that we can expect in life is not "truth" but to achieve a more accurate belief or understanding of ourselves and our universe. This is what science enables us to do. Taking beliefs on "faith" is merely abandoning this accuracy quest and arrogantly proclaiming to have absolutes.

 

[TOKAMAK]

Ah, yes! But the object itself is not the paradox, it's the rule. What I'm basically trying to point out is the paradox in absolute undiscriminating rules.

Okay, I'm not exactly sure what you're trying to prove, but it appears that in essence, you're implicitly assuming that there can be no absolute rules, so therefore, there must be an object that exists which violates some universal law. It looks like you've committed the fallacy of asserting the conclusion, so the argument is not really valid. If there is some hypothetical object which does not conform to a particular universal law, then the original law wouldn't truly be a universal law, would it? There are plenty of universal, undiscriminating rules (to an extent). For example, the conservation of energy-momentum, as well as the conservation of lepton number, baryon number, conservation of electric charge, etc. If a universal law is violated under some circumstance, then the typical approach is to reevaluate and possibly reformulate the universal law to incorporate the newly observed phenomena.

 

[Canute]

Seems to me that rocks and plants are not beautiful in themselves but only that we see them as such because we have evolved as animals who are naturally, evolutionarily used to and, hence, at ease with nature. Do you see that, instead, as some sort of "miracle?"

Beauty is in the eye of the beholder. Therefore the miracle is not that Nature is beautiful, the miracle is that beholders exist and are able to find beauty in things. In other words, the miracle is the existence of beauty as an abstract concept. As yet there is no scientific theory explaining the existence of beholders or abstract concepts, so these things remain potentially miraculous for the time being.

I wish there was a post on "what is truth?" because that is at the heart of this matter. All that we can expect in life is not "truth" but to achieve a more accurate belief or understanding of ourselves and our universe. This is what science enables us to do. Taking beliefs on "faith" is merely abandoning this accuracy quest and arrogantly proclaiming to have absolutes.

This is needlessly pessimistic. Aristotle concluded that true knowledge is identical with its object, not that it did not exist. This seems the correct view to me. It is the view Descartes adopted in choosing 'cogito' as his founding axiom. Self-knowledge can be true and certain, but this is the only kind of knowledge that can be. We can see that this is true from the unfalsifiability of solipsism. Those who want only faith and belief will be content with doing science, philosophy and theology, but they should not argue that this is all the knowledge we can have just because its all the knowledge that they seek.

Canute

 

[Ubern0va]

I believe there is such a rule. It is the rule that everything must be comprehensible to the mind. An object which doesn't meet those requirements is thus, incomprehensible (I believe that answers your, hypothetical, question as well). Like sight to the blind, or (hypothetically) a new color that has never been viewed before.

As well Berislav, I don't agree that the rule itself would be intrinsically paradoxical. The Anthropic principle comes into play in this case. Stating that we view the world as it is because, if we did not, we would not be here to see and question it. Therefore, such a rule is only paradoxical in our perception of it, not by nature.

 

[yourdadonapogostick]

Consider some hypothetical universal rule which everything (including nothing) must satisfy. Then take that some hypothetical object that does not satisfy this axiom. What can be said about that object? Certainly it can not be said that it doesn't exist.

all it says is that the rule is invalid

 

[honestrosewater]

The original question is quite simple. The OP stated a clear contradiction:
Every object satisfies rule R and not every object satisfies rule R.
It doesn't follow that either Every object satisfies rule R or Not every object satisfies rule R is true or false or more or less true than the other (though from P and not P, you can usually derive anything else, including P and not P - but it depends on what rules you're using). The compound proposition Every object satisfies rule R and not every object satisfies rule R is just a contradiction. It's that simple. A contradiction isn't necessarily even a "bad" thing, though people do usually want to avoid them. But someone may happen to want a system with P and not P as a theorem.
BTW, "contradiction" has a general definition in Logic that isn't particular to one type of logic or system, and that's the definition I mean: the simultaneous assertion of a proposition and its negation, P and not P.

 

[Berislav]

Exactly, honestrosewater! That was my point, such a rule by itself is a contradiction. Though, I, who am unfamiliar with formal logic theory, used a different line of reasoning to establish that fact.

 

[honestrosewater]

Exactly, honestrosewater! That was my point, such a rule by itself is a contradiction. Though, I, who am unfamiliar with formal logic theory, used a different line of reasoning to establish that fact.

Oh, okay, your post seemed to be saying that there was something wrong with Every object satisfies rule R. There is nothing at all wrong with it by itself. It's the combination of it with its negation, NOT every object satisfies rule R that produces the contradiction. Indeed, being able to make statements or create rules that are satisifed by every object is a crucial part of logic and math- and everyday reasoning too.

 

[sarika harikumar]

hypothetical object'

sir,
may i ask u something.if a hypothetical law is satisfied by every object then,how can an object exist which does not satisfy this law?so everything will be hypothetical isn't it?
i don't know a thing about philosophy,but i just wanted to ask,that's all.hope u'll surely reply me
sarika harikumar