# Limit n[1 - exp(ia/n)]

[SOLVED] Limit n[1 - exp(ia/n)]

Homework Statement
What is the limit of n[1 - exp(ia/n)] as n goes to infinity (a is fixed real number).

The attempt at a solution
n[1 - exp(ia/n)] = n / [1 - exp(ia/n)]-1 and by using l'Hosptal's rule, I get that the limit diverges. Now how can I do this without relying on l'Hospital's rule?

## Answers and Replies

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tiny-tim
Homework Helper
Hi e(ho0n3!

Are you sure you mean n[1 - exp(ia/n)], and not n[1 - exp(a/n)]?

That's n(1 - cos(a/n)) - i sin(a/n).

The real part oscillates between … ?, and the imaginary part oscillates between … ?

Are you sure you mean n[1 - exp(ia/n)], and not n[1 - exp(a/n)]?
No.

That's n(1 - cos(a/n)) - i sin(a/n).
That's correct.

The real part oscillates between … ?, and the imaginary part oscillates between … ?
I don't think it oscillates because a/n -> 0 as n -> infinity. 1 - exp(ia/n) -> 0 as n -> infinity. Or am I wrong?

tiny-tim
Homework Helper
oops!

I don't think it oscillates because a/n -> 0 as n -> infinity. 1 - exp(ia/n) -> 0 as n -> infinity. Or am I wrong?
oh, sorry, I wasn't thinking straight.

Yes, so just expand exp(ia/n), or cos(a/n), as powers of a/n …

If I'm going to expand cos(a/n) as a power series, I might as well use l'Hospital's rule don't you think? And I don't see how this would help anyways.

tiny-tim
Homework Helper
If I'm going to expand cos(a/n) as a power series, I might as well use l'Hospital's rule don't you think? And I don't see how this would help anyways.
ah, but you only need the first couple of terms of the expansion (for either cos or exp)!

and where's the fraction that you'd apply l'Hôpital's rule (that's the official spelling!) to?

Alternatively, if you prefer, you could rewrite 1 - cos(a/n) in terms of sin(a/2n).

ah, but you only need the first couple of terms of the expansion (for either cos or exp)!
I know that but I don't understand how it is going to work. For example, the expansion of cos(z) about a/n is cos(a/n) + ... where ... are terms containing powers of z - a/n. Evaluating this at z = a/n gives me cos(a/n) again.

Please note that I don't want to use any method that relies on computing derivatives.

and where's the fraction that you'd apply l'Hôpital's rule (that's the official spelling!) to?
It's in my first post: n / [1 - exp(ia/n)]-1. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillaume_de_l%27H%C3%B4pital" [Broken] states he spelled his name with an s so I'm just following the man's preference.)

Alternatively, if you prefer, you could rewrite 1 - cos(a/n) in terms of sin(a/2n).
I'm not familiar with this identity. Would you care to explain?

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Dick
Homework Helper
Homework Statement
What is the limit of n[1 - exp(ia/n)] as n goes to infinity (a is fixed real number).

The attempt at a solution
n[1 - exp(ia/n)] = n / [1 - exp(ia/n)]-1 and by using l'Hosptal's rule, I get that the limit diverges. Now how can I do this without relying on l'Hospital's rule?
I can't think of any way to do this that doesn't involve l'Hopital or derivatives (or series expansions, which are pretty much the same thing). But l'Hopital doesn't show that the series diverges. I will admit that the infinity/infinity form that you picked seems to just make the problem harder. Try (1-exp(ia/n))/(1/n).

tiny-tim
Homework Helper
Hi e(ho0n3!

The expansion for cosθ is 1 - θ²/2 + θ^4/4! - θ^6/6! + …

(and the expansion for sinθ is θ - θ^3/3! + θ^5/5! - θ^7/7! + …)
Wikipedia states he spelled his name with an s so I'm just following the man's preference.
Well, I never knew that!
I'm not familiar with this identity. Would you care to explain?
Sure … you need to learn (though not necessarily for this question):
sin2θ = 2.sinθ.cosθ;
cos2θ = cos²θ - sin²θ;
1 + cos2θ = 2cos²θ;
1 - cos2θ = 2sin²θ;​
put θ = a/2n, and it's the last one.

(btw, if you did want to use l'Hôpital's rule, remember it's really only for 0/0, not for ∞/∞, so follow Dick's advice. )

Dick